Module Three Sample Questions

List and describe the cells involved in adaptive immunity, and review their roles in defending the body.

The cells involved in adaptive immunity are B cells and T cells. B cells develop in red bone marrow and produce antibodies (humoral immunity). It's two cell types are plasma cells, that generate large quantities of antibodies and memory B cells that don't produce antibodies but can rapidly generate more plasma and memory B cells, T cells attack infected cells (cellular immunity) and are split into helper T cells that produce cytokines, cytotoxic T cells that directly attack cells with foreign substances, regulatory T cells that limit the immune response and memory T cells that rapidly proliferate to generate helper and memory T cells.

List and describe the five major categories of innate immunity, and review their roles in defending the body.

The five major categories of innate immunity are antimicrobial substances, NK cells, phagocytes, inflammation and fever.

Antimicrobial substances: interferons alert other cells of a viral presence and activate the second-messenger system that produces antiviral proteins inhibiting viral replication and enhance NK cell and macrophage activity

NK cells: patrol the body for pathogens and diseased cells. Bind to infected or diseased cells and released perforins, leading to the death of that cells through NK cells's secretion of granzymes into the pores of the cell created by the perforins

Phagocytes: ingest and destroy pathogens

Inflammation: a local defensive response to tissue injury. Purposes are to limit pathogen spread, remove debris and initiate tissue repair

Fever: an elevation of body temperature involving pyrogens from inside and outside of the body. Enhances recovery by promoting interferon activity, inhibiting pathogen reproduction and accelerating tissue repair

List and review the regions (and subdivisions thereof) of the respiratory system through which air passes through between the nostril and the alveoli (in other words, the entire conducting division).

Nostrils: openings where air first enters the respiratory system

Nasal cavity: air is warmed, moistened, and filtered here by mucous membranes and nasal hairs

Subdivisions include: the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae (turbinates), which increase the surface area for air filtration and conditioning

Pharynx: a shared passageway for air and food divided into:

Nasopharynx: located behind the nasal cavity; purely respiratory

Oropharynx: connects to the mouth; part of both the respiratory and digestive systems

Laryngopharynx: connects to the larynx and esophagus

Larynx: directs air into the trachea and prevents food from entering the airways. It also houses the vocal cords

Trachea: rigid tube reinforced by cartilage rings that carries air to the lungs

Bronchi: the trachea splits into two primary bronchi (one for each lung)

Subdivisions:

Primary Bronchi: main passageways into each lung

Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi: branch into each lobe of the lungs (three on the right, two on the left)

Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi: further divide into segments within the lobes

Bronchioles: smaller airways branching from the tertiary bronchi

Subdivisions:

Terminal Bronchioles: the final part of the conducting division

Alveoli

Respiratory Bronchioles: after the terminal bronchioles, these lead into alveolar ducts and ultimately the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs

Compare and contrast resting breathing with deep breathing, including a review of air volumes, muscles involved, and regulatory mechanisms.

Resting breathing or tidal breathing has an air volume of about 500 mL to maintain basic oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal for cellular metabolism. Deep breathing has an air volume of 3,000-4,000 mL in order to meet higher oxygen demands. The muscles involved in resting breathing are primarily the diaphragm with some support from the intercostal muscles. In deep breathing, the muscles involved are the diaphragm, external intercostal muscles and accessory muscles in inhalation and in exhalation, the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles are involved. The regulatory mechanisms of resting breathing are controlled subconsciously by the medulla oblongata and pons and deep breathing is also regulated by these, but can also be initiated by the cerebral cortex voluntarily