urinary system

kidney

oval w medial indeption; L is slightly larger and higher than R; retroperitoneal (to the back)

what is the kidney incased in?

fat

ptosis

dropping of kidney due to low levels of fat

hilum

medial concave notch (renal artery, renal vein, ureter)

cortex

outer

medulla

inner

ureter

28 cm; 3 layers: mucous, muscular, fibrous

peristalsis propels urine to urinary bladder

urinary bladder

behind symphysis pubis

wall of bladder

smooth muscle (detrusor)

urinary bladder is lined with?

transitional epithelium (rugae for distension)

how many openings does the urinary bladder have?

2 for ureters (posterior) 1 for urethra

functions of urinary bladder

reservoir for urine; expels urine

micturation

urination; relax ext. sphincter and contract detrusor; 250 mL = distention and desire to void; incontinence (involuntary)

renal pyramids

triangular wedges

renal papilla

face hilum ( pt of pyramid)

renal columns

cortex dips between pyramids

calyx

papilla deliver waste (cup)

renal pelvis

joining of calyces to form collection reservoir; narrow to form ureter

how much blood flows kidneys per min

1200 mL

blood vessels to kidneys

AB aorta-renal artery-interlobar artery-arcuate artery-interlobular artery-afferent arteriole-capillaries (glomerulus)-efferent arteriole-peritubular capillaries-venules-interlobular vein-arcuate vein-interlobar vein-renal vein-inferior vena cava

female urethra

3 cm; posterior to symphysis pubis and anterior to vagina

male urethra

20 cm; passes thru prostrate gland and penis

bowman’s capsule

2 layers of epithelial cells (parietal = simple squamous and visceral = filtration slits

glomerulus

network of capillaries

proximal tube

microvilli to increase surface area (cortex)

loop of henle

descends, turns, ascends (thicker wall)

juxtamedullary vs cortical

J- loop of henle dips into medulla

C- stays in cortex

distal tube

thick walls

renal corpuscle is a:

collecting duct to pyramid to papilla to calyx

reabsorption

passive and active transport

water, electrolytes, and nutrients into proximal tube (thin walls)

descending limb

thin walls; water and urea

ascending limb

thick walls

distal and collecting tube

thick walls; impermeable to water

ADH

secreted by post pituitary; more permeable in water

hypertonic urine

dark in color

hypotonic urine

light in color

tubular secretion

K, H, NH3, Na

functions of kidney

process blood plasma and excrete urine; excrete urea; regulate Na, K, Cl

filtration of kidney

water and solutes from plasma across glomerulus/bowman’s capsule

reabsorption of kidney

molecules move out of nephron and into the blood

secretion of kidney

out of blood and into nephron

filtration

physical process (renal corpuscle)

water and small molecules

urinary

kidney

integumentary

skin

respiratory

lungs

digestive

intestine

urine composition

95% water

nitrogenous waste (urea, uric acid)

electrolytes (K, Na, Cl, NI 14)

toxins

pigments, food, drugs

hormones

urochromes

yellow pigment from dead red blood cells

stones are caused by

renal calculi

gout

high levels of uric acid

dialysis

artificial kidney

glycosuria

sugar/glucose in urine

hematuria

blood in urine

incontinence

uncontrolled urination

dysuria

difficult/painful urination

pyuria

pus in urine

polyuria

lots of urine

oliguria

scant, small amounts of urine

anuria

absence of urine

retention

retaining urine in urinary bladder, kidneys work; detrusor doesn’t

suppression

no production of urine, renal failure