Exam 3 BSC2011 USF

Exam 3 biodiveristy Summer 2025

An aquatic predatory animal is a fast swimmer and chases prey through the ocean. Which of the following body plans would be most advantageous?

 

Asymmetrical

 

Radial

 

Bilateral

 

Trilateral

Bilateral

The water vascular system of echinoderms

 

functions in locomotion and feeding.

 

is analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of cnidarians.

 

is also found in other deuterostome phyla.

 

is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal is not bilaterally symmetrical

functions in locomotion and feeding.

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose?
1. amniotic egg
2. vertebral column
3. jaws
4. swim bladder
5. four-chambered heart

 

3, 2, 4, 1, 5

 

3, 2, 1, 4, 5

 

2, 1, 4, 3, 5

 

2, 3, 4, 1, 5

 

2, 4, 3, 1, 5

2, 3, 4, 1, 5

Which trait is found in ONLY ONE of these two groups: Chondrichthyans and Osteichthyans.

 

Lateral line

 

Hinged jaws

 

Vertebrae

 

Operculum

Operculum

Which of the following is considered a likely explanation for the events of the Cambrian explosion?

 

Solar flares led to increased UV radiation intensity, which in turn promoted a high rate of mutation. This led to rapid diversification of animals.

 

A great surge of volcanic activity was triggered by significant movements of the continental plates and possibly by an asteroid impact.

 

Complex predator-prey relationships and increased atmospheric oxygen levels promoted animal diversification.

 

The massive growth of swamp vegetation depleted the atmosphere's carbon dioxide and eventually cooled the Earth's climate.

Complex predator-prey relationships and increased atmospheric oxygen levels promoted animal diversification.

Which of the following phylogenetic tree of animals is accurate?

 

A

 

D

 

C

 

B

A

You find a population of terrestrial vertebrates living in the Atacama desert in Chile. Which adaptation would you most expect to find in these organisms?

 

Three-chambered heart

 

Gas exchange through skin

 

Open circulatory system with hemolymph

 

Buccal pumping

 

Amniotic egg

Amniotic egg

Most of the growth at a fungal hyphal tip is accomplished direcly through the mechanism of

 

Movement of water into the hyphae from the environment via osmosis.

 

Phagocytosis of inorganic nutrients and water into the hypae from the environment.

 

Transport of water and organic molecules to the tips from the center of the mycelium.

 

Intracellular production of water via cellular respiration.

Movement of water into the hyphae from the environment via osmosis.

Below is a diagram of a fungus in a forest. Which of the following is true regarding the organism’s tissues at point 5?

 

This is multicellular haploid tissue.

 

This is multicellular diploid tissue.

 

This is where you might find some of the organism’s internal organs.

 

This is the part that makes spores.

This is multicellular haploid tissue.

Ophiuroidea, Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Scyphozoa all share the following trait:

 

A chitinous exoskeleton or cuticle.

 

Adults display radial symmetry

 

Alternation of generations

 

The presence of a mantle, even if there is no shell.

 

Cephalization and body segmentation.

Adults display radial symmetry.

You find a tetrapod, but can’t tell if it is actually a reptile or an amphibian. Discovering which of the following characteristics of the animal would be LEAST helpful in determining its identity?

 

That it is an ectotherm.

 

That it lays amniotic eggs on land

 

That it uses its rib cage to ventilate its lungs

 

That it can breathe through its skin

That it is an ectotherm.

Vertebrates and tunicates both have...

 

Jaws adapted for feeding

 

An endoskeleton that includes a skull

 

A notochord

 

A high degree of cephalization in adult forms

A notochord.

Modern evidence suggests that Homo sapiens mated with members of this other species of hominin, which is shorter than Homo sapiens, has a larger brain, and originated in Europe

 

Pan troglodytes

 

Homo erectus

 

Homo neanderthalensis

 

Australopithecus afarensis

Homo neanderthalensis

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of both animals and fungi?

 

rigid cells walls due to chitin layer

 

obtain organic molecules via absorption

 

members of the group Opisthokonta

 

heterotrophic

rigid cells walls due to chitin layer.

Cordyceps fungi infect insects in tropical forests and some Cordyceps species and other closely related species are able to affect the behavior of their insect host. For example Ophiocordyceps sinensis infects caterpillars that are hibernating in soil. Infection with O. sinensis causes the caterpillars to move to a vertical position, closer to the surface of the soil. After the caterpillar’s death, the fruiting body of the fungus emerges from the caterpillar body. Why would the characteristic of causing host caterpillars to have such behavior be advantageous, and selected for in cordycep fungi?

 

Because it allows two fruiting bodies to mate with one another

 

Because it increases spore dispersal

 

Because the fruiting body then has access to more food

 

Because the fruiting body then has access to more sunlight

Because it increases spore dispersal

Rank the following traits in order of appearance in animal evolution

1. Bilateral symmetry
2. Cell specialization
3. Tissues
4. Endoskeleton

 

2, 3, 1, 4

 

1, 2, 3, 4

 

2, 3, 4, 1

 

3, 2, 1, 4

2, 3, 1, 4

You’ve come across a small, sessile organism sprouting from the ground. You’re not sure if you’ve found a fungus or a plant. Which of the following tests could help you determine this?

 

Identifying the presence of a nuclear envelope.

 

Chemically testing what the cell wall is made of.

 

Identifying whether above-ground reproductive structures exist.

 

Identifying whether haploid spores are part of the life cycle.

Chemically testing what the cell wall is made of.

Reptiles and mammals have ______________.  This allowed for the development of an amniotic egg which helps prevent ____________________.

 

internal fertilization.....desiccation of the embryo.

 

external fertilization......desiccation of the embryo.

 

external fertilization.....mortality from terrestrial predators..

 

internal fertilization......developmental abnormalities in the embryo.

internal fertilization.....desiccation of the embryo.

In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?

 

organic molecules

 

inorganic nutrients

 

fixed carbon

 

atmospheric nitrogen

inorganic nutrients.

Which of the following animals is most closely related to Taylor Swift?

 

Sea star (Asteroidea)

 

Collosal Squid (Mollusca)

 

Fiddler Crab (Crustacea)

 

Earthworm (Annelida)

Sea star (Asteroidea)

Which of the following belongs to the lobe-fin clade?

 

hagfishes

 

shark

 

lampreys

 

horse

 

tuna

horse

According to the fossil record, Homo sapiens first arose in

 

Asia

 

Africa

 

Europe

 

North America

Africa

While scuba diving, your biology classmate was able to observe a marine animal that had a series of muscular tentacles that contain suckers that were connected to its head. According to your classmate, there was no shell or exoskeleton that could be observed, however he did remember a pair of large, fully developed eyes. Your classmate was able to observe an animal that belonged in which class?

 

Gastropoda

 

Bivalvia

 

Crustacea

 

Asteroidea

 

Cephalopoda

Cephalopoda.

A mushroom is

 

a symtiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner.

 

the asexual fruiting body of fungi that produce seeds.

 

a bundle of coenocytic mycorrhizae above the soil surface.

 

a structure with cells that have two copies of the genetic material.

a structure with cells that have two copies of the genetic material.

A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise the top half of the embryo are directly above the four underlying cells. If we were to separate these eight cells and attempt to culture them individually, then what is most likely to happen?

 

Each cell may develop into a normal embryo that is a clone of the other seven cells

 

Each cell may develop into a normal embryo that is genetically unique

 

Each cell may continue development, but only into a nonviable embryo that lacks many parts.

 

All eight cells would die immediately.

Each cell may develop into a normal embryo that is a clone of the other seven cells.

You find a homeothermic vertebrate that lays eggs. It could belong to one of which pair of groups?

 

eutherians or crocodiles

 

marsupials or eutherians

 

birds or monotremes

 

marsupials or birds

 

crocodilia or birds

birds or monotremes.

A fungicide is released into an apple tree farm, and afterwards the trees in that patch grow slower than those located in other areas. What best explains what might have happened?

 

The fungicide killed the area’s mycorrhizal fungi.

 

The fungicide inhibited the swimming of the trees’ flagellated sperm.

 

The fungicide killed the area’s parasitic fungi.

 

The fungicide killed the area’s lichens.

The fungicide killed the area’s mycorrhizal fungi.

What was an early selective advantage of a coelom in animals? A coelom ________.

 

was a more efficient digestive system compared to animals without a complete digestive tract

 

allowed sexual reproduction and therefore greater genetic diversity compared to acoelomates

 

contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion compared to organisms without body cavities

 

allowed cephalization and the formation of a cerebral ganglion, which was not possible in animals without bilateral symmetry

contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion compared to organisms without body cavities.

True muscle tissue and kidneys arise...

 

From the mesodern in both diploblastic and triploblastic animals

 

From the endoderm in diploblastic animals only

 

From the mesoderm in triploblastic animals only

 

From the mesoderm in triploblastic animals and the mesoglea in diploblastic animals

 

From the endoderm in both diploblastic and triploblatic animals

From the mesoderm in triploblastic animals only.

This diagram represents the _________ life cycle of a _______.

 

Gametic, hydrozoan

 

Zygotic, scyphozoan

 

Zygotic, anthozoan

 

Sporic, poriferan

 

Gametic, lophotrochozoan

Gametic, hydrozoan.

Which of the following is/are common characteristic(s) of animals?

 

All of these answers are common characteristics of animals

 

Heterotrophy

 

Ability to move

 

Sexual reproduction

All of these answers are common characteristics of animals.

Which two organisms below are the most closely related to each other?

 

1 & 3

 

2 & 5

 

1 & 5

 

3 & 4

 

1 & 2

1 & 5

Below is a circular outline of a very old mycelium in a forest, as viewed from above, with four points labeled for this question, A-D. Which part of the fungus is the location where this mycelium most actively feeding and growing?

 

D

 

B

 

C

 

A

A

You have a sponge in your new saltwater aquarium. Members of which of the following groups would be the best to try to feed to it?

 

Annelida

 

Crustacea

 

Gastropoda

 

Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates

Platyhelminthes can function without dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because

 

none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment

 

their body cavity, a pseudocoelom, carries out these functions

 

their flame cells can carry out respiratory and circulatory functions

 

they lack mesoderm as embryos and, therefore, lack the adult tissues derived from mesoderm

none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment

Your friend emails you for help with the identification of an elongated invertebrate that she has found in a moist forest in Africa.  In her initial email, she describes the animal as having a complete digestive tract, a head, segmentation and appendages on each segment.  You tell her that based on this information...

 

It is an arthropod or a nematode. To be sure you’d need to check whether it has a coelom or a pseudocoelom.

 

It could be an annelid or an arthropod. To be sure, you’d need to know whether the animal has a cuticle.

 

It is clearly an arthropod, based on her description

 

It could be an annelid or a flatworm, depending on how big it is

It could be an annelid or an arthropod. To be sure, you’d need to know whether the animal has a cuticle.

All molluscs have a _______.

 

a hard, protective outer shell

 

tentacles to grab food with

 

a mantle

 

a closed circulatory system with arteries
and veins

a mantle.

You find a reptile-like vertebrate with the following characteristics: scales, four-chambered heart, ectothermy, and amniotic egg. To which group does this animal most likely belong?

 

turtles

 

birds

 

amphibians

 

crocodilians

 

lepidosaurs

crocodilians.

Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is true?

 

Cleavage in early deuterostome development is spiral.

 

Deuterostomes have only two tissue layers.

 

The first opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the anus.

 

Deuterostomes lack true tissues.

 

Cell fate is set in early cleavage stages, therefore identical twins do not occur in deuterostomes.

The first opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the anus.

Which of the following animals is NOT an ape?

 

Orangutan

 

Gibbon

 

Monkey

 

Gorilla

 

Chimpanzee

Monkey