Phonics Exam

A teacher is planning a Structured Literacy lesson for her student. Initially, she used informal assessment to determine which phoneme-grapheme associations the student had mastered. For new learning, she selects the next unknown phoneme-grapheme association in order of difficulty. Which principle of Structured Literacy does this choice represent?

In this case the instruction is sequential.

A teacher is delivering a Structured Literacy lesson. Within the lesson, he presents cards with single letters printed on them and asks the student to pronounce the associated sound. He has the student read lists of single words as well as connected text. Which of the following do these activities represent?

Grapheme to phoneme

Results of the National Reading Panel study indicated which of the following?

Systematic phonics instruction produced better growth in reading than all types of nonsystematic or non-phonics instruction.

Letter-name knowledge in beginning grades is one of the most reliable predictors of what in middle and high school?

Reading achievement, comprehension, spelling ability, and decoding ability.

Students learn letter names at different rates. What is true of them?

Students who are significantly slower in learning letter names may later be diagnosed as having a reading disability

Students with dyslexia may require as much as 20 times more repetition and practice in order to acquire letter-name knowledge.

What is a major source of reading difficulty for students with dyslexia?

difficulty associating a letter’s name with the sound it represents

Alphabet activities can be used to teach which of the following skills?

Recognizing and producing an accented syllable in a word

Knowing the difference between vowel and consonant sounds (phonemes)

Alphabetizing words

Unitization in Ehri’s stages of reading theory refers to what?

Seeing familiar letter sequences as belonging together

What is a typical developmental sequence of phonological awareness?

Syllable segmentation, initial sound isolation, sound segmentation of single-syllable words, and sound deletion

What is the phonemic awareness skill expectation for students leaving first grade, according to state standards?

Isolate and identify the phonemes in CCVC words

For children entering kindergarten, what phonemic awareness skill is a strong predictive indicator of later literacy learning in the primary grades?

Initial phoneme isolation and identification

Which phonemic awareness task should be included in a screening assessment for kindergarten students?

A phoneme-segmenting task of single-syllable words

What is the impact on student learning when phonemic awareness instruction is included in the early grades?

More students experience success learning to read and write.

Fewer students will need higher levels of literacy instruction.

More students will achieve expected literacy learning outcomes.

What do partially blocked sounds do?

Release the tongue, teeth, or lips during production

A student misreads splint as split. What does a teacher do to build the student’s accuracy?

Ask the student to name the letters in the word.

What do all of these words have in common: heart, their, once, been?

They are all irregular words.

grapheme

def: is the smallest unit in a written language that represents a sound

ex: in the word "ghost," there are four graphemes: "gh," "o," "s," and "t"

phoneme

def: smallest unit of sound in a language

ex: /b/ /a/ /t/

diphthong

def: a vowel sound that changes within the same syllable

ex: The word "coin" contains the diphthong /oɪ/

articulatory gesture

def: refers to the physical movements of speech organs (such as the tongue, lips, and vocal cords) that produce specific sounds in spoken language

ex: The /p/ sound in "pat" requires the lips to come together and then release air.

verbal pathway

def: verbal communication and language processing, how to instruct students

ex: letter formations

structured literacy

def: is an evidence-based approach to teaching reading that is explicit, systematic, and cumulative

ex: UFLI?

phonics

def: is a method of teaching reading and writing by helping learners understand the relationship between letters (graphemes) and sounds (phonemes).

ex: The word "cat" is decoded by recognizing the sounds of "c" (/k/), "a" (/a/), and "t" (/t/)

encoding

def: the ability to translate spoken sounds (phonemes) into written symbols (graphemes), which is essential for spelling and writing

ex: A child learning to spell the word "cat" must encode the sounds /k/, /a/, /t/ into the letters C-A-T

decoding

def: is the process of translating written text into spoken language

ex: A child decoding the word "dog" would recognize the sounds /d/, /o/, /g/ and blend them together to read the word

blending

def: is the process of smoothly combining individual sounds (phonemes) to form a complete word

ex: The word "cat" is blended from the sounds /k/, /a/, /t/

segmenting

def: is the process of breaking down words into their individual sounds

ex: The word "frog" is segmented into /f/, /r/, /o/, /g/

Which of the following most adequately completes this sentence?

The consonant phonemes in American English language are represented by

18 of the consonant letters of the alphabet plus 7 diagraphs

The second syllable of the nonsense word omethbin can be expected to rhymer with

breath

The open syllable in the nonsense word phattoe can be expected to rhyme with

dough

How many phonemes are represented in the nonsense word ghight?

three

The sound schwa is represented by

the o in falcon

Y as the only vowel and final letter in a one syllable word is most likely to represent the same sound as

the y in cycle

Generally, when two like consonants appear together in a word or a syllable

neither is sounded

A requirement of a syllable is that

it can contain no more than one vowel phoneme

An example of closed syllable is found in the word

doubt

The letter w is most likely to be a consonant when

it is the first letter in a word or syllable

The letter q could be removed from the alphabet because it can adequately and without conflict be represent by

k as in kite

If e was the only vowel in an open syllable, that e would most likely represent the same sound as

the y in baby

which of the following has an incorrect diacritical mark?

Ball

Which of the following has an incorrect diacritical mark?

head

when o and a appear together in a syllable, they usually represent the same sound as

ghostly

The symbol s is used in the dictionary to show the pronunciation of the sound heard in

waltz

if o was the only vowel in an accented, open syllable, that o would most likely represent the same sound as

the ou in dough

a consonant blend is illustrated by

the bl in black

When the single vowel i is followed by a single consonant and a final e in an accented syllable, the i will most likely have the sound of

the y in cry

If a was the single vowel in an accented syllable ending with a consonant, that a would most likely represent the same sound as

the a in have

when c is followed by i, it will most likely represent the same sound as

none of these

The word if ends with the same sound as

both the ph in phrase and the gh in cough

when the oi appears in an accented syllable, it represents the same sound as

the oy in boy

When the letter g is followed by the a, it will most likely represent the same sound a

the g in go

we usually do not double the final consonant before adding a suffix to one-syllable word that

All of these

Which underlined item illustrates a free morpheme?

None of these

Which word includes a derivational suffix?

diver

The final y changes to i before a suffix added to a word that

ends in two consonants

Double the final consonant before adding a suffix to a one-syllable word to indicate that the

vowel is short

Which is a nonsense word below that illustrates a closed syllable?

All of the above (aeth, pluft, ghoumt)

which word includes both a free and a bound morpheme?

happily

The guideline for adding a suffix to a word that ends in an e is illustrated by

All of the above (nicer, riding, hopeful, safest)

which word below includes an inflectional suffix

swimming

add -es to a word that ends in

All of the above (the letters sh, the letters ch, and the letter x)

The apostrophe in a contraction denotes

one or more missing letters

which of the words below shows the correct syllable division?

hand writ ing

a compound word is illustrated by

yardstick

a consonant diagraph is illustrated by

the ch in porch

The contraction he’s is composed of which of the following two words?

both he is and he has

When ou appears in a n accented syllable, it represents the same sound as

the ow in cow

a suffix may

All of the above (affect the meaning of a word, change the part of speech, make the meaning of a word more specific)

The CVVC or (VV0 vowel-vowel pattern is illustrated by

road

The VCe (vowel consonant e) pattern is best illustrated by

globe

The VC pattern is best illustrated by

trash

W is part of a diphthong in

flower

Where does the accent fall in tenlaim

im

Where does the accent fall in grottome

ot

Where does the accent fall in religherly

gh

Where does the accent fall in tdamapantion

an

Where does the accent fall in present (verb)

nt

what word has the same sound represented by the underlined part of the word tent

missed

what word has the same sound represented by the underlined part of the word pleasure

ALL (vision, sabotage, rouge)

what word has the same sound represented by the underlined part of the word tanker

singer

what word has the same sound represented by the underlined part of the word gem

ALL (edge, soldier, jelly)

what word has the same sound represented by the underlined part of the word that

this

what word has the same sound represented by the underlined part of the word chill

question

what word has the same sound represented by the underlined part of the word hook

None

what word has the same sound represented by the underlined part of the word ace

None

what word has the same sound represented by the underlined part of the word now

cow

what word has the same sound represented by the underlined part of the word sock

city

what word has the same sound represented by the underlined part of the word chain

chalk

What letters represent the onset in each one syllable word: might

m

What letters represent the onset in each one syllable word: blank

bl

What letters represent the rime in each one syllable word: spill

ill

What letters represent the rime in each one syllable word: thick

th

Incorrectly divided into syllables:

tot al

gamb ol

in vent ion

to get her

When I picked my vegetables, I dropped a

rad ish

I went to the park for a

ras

The wall is

pingk

The tree we planted was a

b(schwa)tch

I went to the grocery store for

jam

I washed the

nivz