Chemistry-Hydrocarbons🧪⭐️

What are hydrocarbons?

Compounds made only of hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) atoms.

What are the two main types of hydrocarbons?

Aromatic and Aliphatic.

What is the general formula for alkanes?

CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

What type of bond do alkanes have?

Single bonds (C-C) and are saturated.

What are the states of matter for the first four alkanes?

Gases (C1-C4), liquids (C5-C14), and solids (C15 and above).

What is the characteristic of alkenes?

They contain at least one double bond (C=C) and are unsaturated.

What is the characteristic of alkynes?

They contain at least one triple bond (C≡C) and are also unsaturated.

What is the combustion reaction of hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbons combust to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

What are the properties of methane?

Colorless, odorless, lighter than air, and a major component of natural gas.

What is the IUPAC naming system?

A systematic method for naming chemical compounds to avoid confusion. (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)

What is the purpose of identifying the longest carbon chain in hydrocarbons?

To determine the parent name of the hydrocarbon.

What does the suffix in hydrocarbon naming indicate?

The type of hydrocarbon (e.g., -ane for alkanes, -ene for alkenes, -yne for alkynes).

What are isomers?

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.

What are structural isomers?

Isomers that differ in the connectivity of their atoms.

What are stereoisomers?

Isomers that have the same connectivity but differ in spatial arrangement.

What is the difference between cis and trans isomers?

Cis isomers have substituents on the same side, while trans isomers have them on opposite sides.

What is a functional group isomer?

Isomers that have the same molecular formula but different functional groups.

What is the significance of functional groups in hydrocarbons?

They determine the chemical reactivity and properties of the compound.

What are hydrocarbons called with 1 C?

Meth-

What is the formula for alkynes?

CnH2n-2, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

What is the boiling point trend for hydrocarbons? and why?

Boiling points generally increase with the number of carbon atoms.

This is because longer chains have more electrons and a larger surface area, leading to stronger London Dispersion Forces (LDFs) between molecules

What is the solubility of hydrocarbons in water?

Hydrocarbons are insoluble in water but dissolve in organic solvents.

What are the properties of alkenes compared to alkanes?

Alkenes are generally more reactive due to the presence of double bonds.

What is this Hydrocarbon named?

2-methylbutene

What is this Hydrocarbon called?

3-ethylpentane

What is this Hydrocarbon called?

cyclohexene

What is this Hydrocarbon called?

2,6-dimethylheptane

What are HC called with 2 C?

Eth-

What are HC called with 3 C?

Prop-

What are HC called with 4 C?

But-

What are HC called with 5 C?

Pent-

What are HC called with 6 C?

Hex-

What are HC called with 7 C?

Hept-

What are HC called with 8 C?

Oct-

What are HC called with 9 C?

Non-

What are HC called with 10 C?

Dec-

What is this HC called?

trans-2-butene

What is this HC called?

cis-2-butene

What are the differences in properties for structural isomers?

They often differ in boiling- / melting points, solubility and density

What are the differences in properties for stereoisomers?

Their physical properties stay the same but differ in optical activity or reactivity

What are the differences in properties for functional group isomers?

They have very different chemical reactivity despite having the same fomulae

What is combustion?

A chemical reaction where a substance reacts with O₂ and releases energy in the form of heat or light

Where do you find Alkenes?

often in essential oils of plants and trees, and in plant pigment (for ex: lycopene - the red in tomatoes)

Where do you find Alkynes?

Natural products like:

• terrestrial bacteria

• fungi

• insects

• plants

What are substituents?

a side group attached to the main parent chain (branch) - For ex: methyl, ethyl

What is a locant?

a number that tells you the position of something in a molecule

What do you write if there are multiple prefixes of the same group?

Before the prefix: di-(2); tri-(3); tetra- (4)

What does saturated mean?

containing the greatest possibel number of atoms w/o a double/triple bond

What are the properties of Butane?

• lighter

• smelly

• colorless

What are the properties of Ethane?

• Colorless

• Odorless

• Natural gas

What are the properties of Pentane?

• fuel

• Smelly

What are the properties of Alkenes?

• lighter than water

• insoluble in water

• dissolves in organic solvents

• absorb UV light

• colorless

What are the properties of Alkynes?

similiar to alkanes and alkenes with the same number of C

• slightly higher bioling point

• insoluble in water

• dissolves in organic solvents