Geography: People and Society

UF - AC City: Southampton, UK (City importance)

• 2nd Biggest port - Port

• Largest UK cruise terminal - Cruise

• Southampton Airport - Airport

• Two universities: Southampton and Solent Uni - Unis

UF - AC City: Southampton, UK (Migration)

• 20% increase in population from other countries: 12% in 2001 to 32% in 2021 - Population

• Port city with a long history of migration - History

• Multicultural shops and restaurant (mainly Bevois) - Consumer

UF - AC City: Southampton, UK (Ways of life/Culture)

• Port city with a diverse population - Diverse

• Long History of migration - History

• University city with 33K students - Students

UF - AC City: Southampton, UK (Contemporary challenges)

Inequality: Bevois Valley (L) and Bassett (U)

• Deprived - 53% vs 9%

• Property - Most rent vs most own

• Crimes in 2021 - 4120 vs 53

• Green space - 2% vs 43%

UF - AC City: Southampton, UK (Sustainability)

Green Plan 2030

• 30 electric vehicles added to council fleet - Vehicles

• Clean Growth Fund added to reduce carbon footprint - Fund

• 5K trees planted - Trees

• 7 wildflower meadows planted - Meadows

• 52 miles of cycle routes - Cycle

UF - EDC/LIDC City: Lagos, Nigeria (City importance)

• Regional travel for hub due to Murtala Muhammad airport - Airport

• Wealthiest city in Nigeria with 80% of industry in the country inside or near - Industry

• Centre of Nollywood movie industry - Nollywood

• Lagos National Stadium for large sporting events - Stadium

UF - EDC/LIDC City: Lagos, Nigeria (Migration)

• 2K migrants per week - Migrants

• Moving from either rural areas or neighbours Benin and Cameroon - Surrounding

• Leads to raid urbanisation and infrastructure issues - Issues

UF - EDC/LIDC City: Lagos, Nigeria (Ways of life/Culture)

• "City of opportunity" but 2/3 work in informal sector - Informal

• Melting pot of different tribal groups due to Berlin conference - Tribes

• African cup of nations held - Cup

• Centre of Nollywood films - Nollywood

UF - EDC/LIDC City: Lagos, Nigeria (Contemporary challenges)

Housing Inequality: Makoko (L) and Banana Island (U)

• Rapid urbanisation leads to a lack of housing - Housing

• Makoko set up informally on Lagos Lagoon w/ 250K people - Lagoon

• Has 2 schools, so most kids are uneducated - Schools

• No toilets means water pollution, which means cholera outbreaks - Water

• No formal infrastructure leads to safety hazards - Safety

• Banana Island is home to ultra wealthy inhabitants will full facilities - Wealth

UF - EDC/LIDC City: Lagos, Nigeria (Sustainability)

Wecyclers

• Bottom-up non-profit began in 2012 - Bottom-up

• Bicycles used to collect waste from polluted areas - Collection

• Cyclers used reward system to exchange for cash and other rewards - Rewards

• Helped 20K low-income households - Households

DD - Ethiopia: Economic Development

• SPHRM

• GNI/capita = £505, Life expectancy is 63 years - Stats

• Physical factors = Very dry conditions in East leads to serious droughts and famines, 1M people died in 1984 drought - Physical

• Human factors = "Red terror" seized land and caused 1.5M to move + killed 50K, Civil unrest still present in the North (Tigray)

• Rostow Model = Stage 2 Preconditions for Take Off, infrastructure investments, TNCs have started to invest, economy is growing

• Millennium Development Goals = Poverty has dropped from 49% to 29%, failures in gender equality and maternal health areas

DD - Ethiopia: Global connections

• International trade = 80% of exports are agricultural (33% in 2023 was coffee), $3B in exports and $11B in imports means a trade deficit, high value technology often imported

• TNCs = Starbucks buys coffee (2% of total, but increase likely) and sets up processing plants, 15M Ethiopians work in coffee production, 5-10% of retail price is paid to farmers

• International aid = $3.7B in 2021, some is bilateral e.g. China gives aid and Chinese companies are used to build roads

DD - Ethiopia: Development Strategies

• Top-down: Gigel Gibe Dam, Omo River = 243m hydroelectric dam, cost $1.8B, Improved energy security, displaced 200K and caused conflict

• Bottom-up: The Big Pipe Project, Tigray region = WaterAid installed safe water point in a village with pipework + small reservoir + latrines, 130K local supplied with drinking water, improved irrigation for farming, more girls could go to school and more women to work

UKC21 - Population change in the UK since 2001

Case study: Southampton

• High proportion of 18-24 year olds (students) - Students

• Ageing population and declining birth rate - Older

• 2001 to 2021 - 20% more from other countries - (Increase)

• Increase linked to expansion of EU in 2004 and wave of Eastern European migrants - EU

• Post Brexit - Less Polish and more Lithuanian - (Brexit)

UKC21 - UK economic changes since 2001

Cambridge dynamic economic hub

• 4K Knowledge intensive companies - Knowledge

• Quaternary industry (research) - Research

• Cambridge Science Park is known as "Silicon Fen" due to Silicon Valley investors - Silicon

• $15 billion turnover in 2022 - Turnover

• Transport links to London via M11 and railway - Transport

• International travel links due to Stansted Airport nearby - International

UKC21 - UK and its global significance (Global conflict)

Ukraine Conflict

• Founding member of NATO in 1949 and supported Ukrainian independence sine 1991 - Support

• Support increase following 2022 Russian invasion - Invasion

• £12 billion pledged and military equipment given - Help

UKC21 - UK and its global significance (Media exports)

James Bond

• James Bond franchise made $7.8 billion and Skyfall alone made $100 million - Money

• Shown in over 60 countries and spread stereotypical Britishness - Spread

• More jobs in media industry boots UK economy - Jobs (UPDATE)

UKC21 - UK and its global significance (Ethnic groups contribute to cultural life)

Food - Case study: Balti Triangle

• South Asian food is now most popular takeaway (Chicken Tikka Masala) - Tikka

• Balti Triangle, Birmingham - Influenced by Asian cuisine from large Pakistani and Bangladeshi community in the area, so officially renamed in 1990 - Birmingham

• Shirley, Southampton - 100 non-British food house, including 10 curry houses - Southampton

Resource Reliance - Attempt to achieve food security at a LOCAL scale

Case Study - Goat Aid, Babati, North Tanzania

• Given by UK charity Farm Africa = BOTTOM-UP C

• $400 Toggenburg goats totalled $200K Total

• Chosen due to 3L of milk per day - Milk

• Had to repaid for by farmers to encourage ownership + basic animal training given - Owning

• Villagers have a better diet so have better wellbeing - Diet

• Excess dairy products sold and farmers made 3X more than non-Goat Aid farmers, leading to investments in education and infrastructure - Selling

Resource Reliance - PAST attempt to achieve food security at a NATIONAL scale

Case Study - The Wheat Project, Hanang district, North Tanzania

• Took place from 1968 to 1993 - Time

• Canadian government supported Tanzanian government = TOP-DOWN - Government

• Canada gave $95 million in aid due to expertise in farming, by supplying tractors, fertilisers, seeds, training and machinery - Aid

• 1967 to 1993 - Yields went from 0 to 27K hectares, providing 67% of nation's wheat - Yield

• 1992 - Tanzania did not need aid after a drought - Drought

• 121 locals trained in wheat production - Training

• Barabaig tribe displaced - Tribe

• Most Tanzanians preferred maize - Preference

• Machinery could not be prepared - Machines

Resource Reliance - PRESENT attempt to acheive food security at a NATIONAL scale

Case Study: SAGCOT, South Tanzania

• Gov worked with TNCs and foreign govs like China = TOP-DOWN - Government

• Growth corridor made from coast in the east to Zambia in the West - Area

• 6 cluster areas with a hub and outgrower model - Structure

• Kilombero plantation - Central farm doubled rice yield, 7.3K farmers nearby benefitted from infrastructure - Plantation

• Investments mainly only for large farms, not small communities - Investment

• Not all promises were fulfilled - Broken

• Nomadic tribes displaced - Tribes

HF - Hypothesis

“Re-urbanisation has improved quality of life in Southampton”

HF - Presentation types

• Radar graphs for environmental quality survey - easy to come sites and different aspects of environment

• Divided bar charts for traffic count - easy to see how proportions differ in different sites

HF - Findings

• EQ was judged higher in Centenary Quay (avg +1.8) compared to Ocean village (avg +1.1) - EQ

• Location Z looking away from Ocean village had EQ of -0.2 - Z

• Traffic count in Centenary Quay observation points was higher - meaning more polluted air - TC

• Traffic count in Ocean village was low at location X and Y but higher at Z , not reurbanised with a main road so high pollution - P

HF - Conclusion

• Non-reurbanised had higher traffic count and lower EQ score - Lower

• Suggesting that reurbanised areas have a higher quality of life - Correct

HF - Evaluation

• Second non-reurbanised site would have made a more valid conclusion - Valid

• EQ survey is subjective so not reliable - Reliable

• Traffic count needed more categories for more accurate results - Accurate