SSU1 - Cardiovascular System

arteriosclerosis

the thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries

common groups associated with arteriosclerosis

ages 50+ and patients with diabetes

arteriosclerosis

the thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries

common groups associated with arteriosclerosis

ages 50+ and patients with diabetes

what does arteriosclerosis cause?

diffuse ischemia and necrosis of the kidneys, brain and/or heart

atherosclerosis

the buildup of lipids, cells, fibrin and cell debris often attached with thrombi that forms on the wall of large arteries

non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis

age, gender and genetic factors

modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis

obesity, smoking, diabetes, alcohol, lack of exercise, oral contraceptives, high cholesterol and high blood pressure

diagnostic tests for atherosclerosis

serum-lipid levels, exercise-stress test and nuclear medicine studies

treatment for atherosclerosis

low-cholesterol diet, reduced sodium intake, cease smoking, proper exercise and/or surgical intervention

angina pectoris

chest pain due to a deficit of oxygen

stable angina pectoris

an acute episode of angina which is usually a symptom of coronary heart disease

unstable angina pectoris

prolonged pain at rest and at recent onset, may be due to a break in an atheroma

signs and symptoms of angina pectoris

diaphoresis, pallor and nausea

treatment for angina pectoris

coronary vasodilators

myocardial infarction

referred t as a heart attack, involves the death of myocardial tissue due to ischemia

signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction

pallor, diaphoresis, nausea, dizziness, weakness, dyspnea, anxiety, hypotension and fever

diagnostic tests for myocardial infarction

ECG and serum-enzyme blood test

complications of myocardial infarction

cardiogenic shock, congestive heart failure, thromboembolism, rupture and death

treatment for myocardial infarction

keep patient calm, anticoagulants, defibrillation and bypass surgery

congestive heart failure

occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the bodily metabolic needs

signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure

hypoxia, fatigue, dyspnea, exercise, cold intolerance and dizziness

types of congestive heart failure

left-sided and right-sided

diagnostic tests for congestive heart failure

radiograph, catheterization and blood gases test

treatment for congestive heart failure

reducing work/stress load, influenza vaccination, maintenance of diet, sedatives and ACE drug

hypertension

high blood pressure

types of hypertension

primary, secondary and malignant

primary hypertension

idiopathic

secondary hypertension

results from renal or endocrine disease

malignant hypertension

due to organ damage

signs and symptoms of hypertension

fatigue, malaise, morning headache and consistent elevated blood pressure

treatment for hypertension

change of lifestyle, reduced sodium intake, reduced stress and increased exercise

aortic aneurysm

a localized dilation and weakening of the arterial wall

signs and symptoms of aortic aneurysm

frequently asymptomatic until they become very large and rupture

diagnostic tests for aortic aneurysm

diagnostic imaging

treatment for aortic aneurysm

surgical intervention

shock

hypotension resulting from decreased circulating blood volume, leading to decreased tissue perfusion and general hypoxia

types of shock

hypovolemic, cardiogenic, vasogenic, anaphylactic and septic

mechanism of hypovolemic shock

loss of blood

causes of hypovolemic shock

dehydration, hemorrhage, burns, peritonitis and pancreatitis

mechanism of cardiogenic shock

decreased pumping ability of the heart

causes of cardiogenic shock

myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, pulmonary embolus and cardiac tamponade

mechanism of vasogenic shock

vasodilation

causes of vasogenic shock

pain, fear, spinal cord injury and hypoglycemia

mechanism of anaphylactic shock

vasodilation due to allergic reaction

causes of anaphylactic shock

insect stings, drugs, nuts, fish, etc.

mechanism of septic shock

vasodilation due to severe infection

causes of septic shock

virulent organisms or multiple infections