apwh unit 8

cold war

state of hostility existing between two states characterized by an ideological struggle instead of open warfare

THE cold war

standoff between the Soviet union and the United States that transformed global politics

why were the Soviet union and the USA strong after ww2 unlike other countries

1) economic advantages (US had women working + no destruction from war, soviets had natural resources, large population, investment before ww2)

2) technological advantages (atomic bomb + ARMS RACE!!!!!!!!)

marshall plan

the US sends over 13 billion in aid for economic recovery in war torn nations

cold war causes

1) conflicting ideologies (democratic capitalism in the US vs authoritarian communism in the soviet union)

2) mutual mistrust (Joseph Stalin kept regions that were agreed to be more democratic, communist)

democratic capitalism

emphasizes free market economics and political participation from citizens

authoritarian communism

emphasizes strict gov control of economy and redistribution of wealth equally to citizens who have no voice in the gov

iron curtain

term coined by Winston Churchill describing territorial divisions

non-aligned movement

asian and African leaders of former colonies communicating they wouldnt be controlled by cold war conflicts

soviet bloc

soviet occupation of eastern europe, had communist govs

nato

nations against the soviets

warsaw pact

soviet alliance

stronger than atomic bomb

hydrogen bomb (created by USA, copied by soviets)

cuban missile crisis

soviet leader shipped nuclear missiles to cuba (which was dangerously close to USA). jfk ordered naval blockade around cuba to stop

nuclear non-proliferation treaty

called on nuclear powers to prevent non-nuclear powers from creating such weapons

proxy wars

small, local indirect wars between US and soviets

korean war

proxy war in which communist north Korea invades anti-communist south Korea. US and UN help south, Soviets send guns to help north

angolan civil war

proxy war in which Angolans won independence from the portuguese and USA + Soviet Union both wanted to select new group to lead

contra war

proxy war in which socialist group got power in Nicaragua, US backed group of contras to change socialism

leader of communist china (people’s republic of China)

mao zedong

what did china do to agriculture

collectivize (peaceful though!!)

great leap forward

mao zedong’s economic plan to rapidly industrialize china through the development of heavy industry

how were chinese communism and Soviet union communism different

soviet industrialization = urban areas

Chinese industrialization = rural areas

egypt decolonization

suez canal under control of Egypt alone, not European. led to invasion in retaliation

vietnam conflicting govs

communist & anti-communist

cuba communist leader

fidel casto (tried to purge Cuba of dependence on USA)

what did Cuba do with help of Soviet union

launched program of land redistribution + raised wages, transferred cuba’s wealth from rich to poor

methods of decolonization

1) negotiated independence

2) armed conflict

muslim league

formed by Indian Muslims calling for state of their own out of fear of marginalization

muslim league resulted in country of ….

pakistan

ghana

created out of gold coast, escaped british rule

national liberation front

formed in algeria to fight french rule aggressively

why did countries become violent post decolonization

colonial boundaries

muslims were the minority in every state of India except ….

kashmir

balfour declaration

pledge by the british to make Palestine a home for the jews

aswan high dam

provided electricity and irrigation for much of egypt

egyption leader reforms

social welfare reforms, healthcare + schooling

indira gandhi

first female prime minister of india, implemented 5 year socialist economic plans

green revolution

indian revolution using science to develop high-yielding grain

metropoles

designated the territory of the imperial country in distinction from their colonial holdings during age of imperialism

homespun movement

created by Gandhi to protest britain domination of Indian cotton industry, followers boycott British textiles and made clothes at home

salt march

reaction against british salt monopoly, harvested own salt

martin Luther king

black baptist minister in the US, anti American segregation laws

civil rights movement

aimed to secure equal rights for black americans

montgomery bus boycott

black Americans boycotted the city's public transportation system

apartheid

south African legalized racial segregation

nelson mandela

south African civil rights guy!! used violence and nonviolent tactics, became president

augusto pinochet

ruled Chile under his dictatorship

idi amin

targeted ethnic groups in Uganda (south Asians), but also his enemies

al qaeda

Islamic group founded by Osama bin laden committing terrorist attacks (ie: 9/11)

causes of end of cold war

1) tech innovations in USA
2) failed Soviet invasion of afghanistan

3) mikhail gorbachev policies

detente

US and soviets sign salt1 to prohibit further manufacturing of nuclear weapons (trashed by ronald Reagan later)

prague spring

protests in Czechoslovakia against Soviet policies

gorbachev’s policies

1) perestroika - restructuring of economy to address economic woes by reducing level of central planning from the gov

2) glasnost - gov criticism peritted

3) ceased military intervention

berlin wall

torn down and Germany reunited

soviet union was voted to be …

dissolved