Honors Pharmacology Final University of Kentucky

Rx

Stands for recipe of the drug

Sterility

The absence of all living microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, ensuring that a product is free from contamination. All drugs have to be this.

Live vaccine

Virus is alive but treated with hear, chemicals, or radiation so it won’t cause disease but prompts immune response

Dead Vaccine

Virus has been killed but still has the thing that will make an antibody

Toxiod Vaccine

A vaccine that contains a toxin or a modified toxin from a pathogen, which stimulates an immune response without causing disease.

mRNA Vaccine

Delivers a message to the cell to make a viral or bacterial protein that the antibodies will be made for.

Why is mRNA vaccines more effective?

Cells can make way more of the spike proteins than can be injected.

Antigenic Drift

A gradual change in the genetic composition of a virus, often resulting in new strains that can evade the immune response.

Antigenic Shift

A major change in a virus's genetic structure, often resulting in the emergence of new subtypes and potential pandemics. (1920 flu Pandemic)

Passive Immunity

The short-term immunity acquired through the transfer of antibodies from another source, such as mother to infant or through an injection of antibodies.

Active Immunity

The long-term immunity developed through the body's own production of antibodies in response to an infection or vaccination.

Why have people stopped vaccinating

There is less perceived threat because the vaccines are working so they don’t feel like they need them.

Viruses

are microscopic infectious agents that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism. they require a host

Bacteria

are single-celled microorganisms that can exist independently or as parasites, capable of reproducing on their own and causing diseases in humans, animals, and plants.

Counter Irritant

is a substance that causes irritation or mild inflammation in one area of the body to relieve pain or discomfort in another area.

How many half-lives does it usually take for drug to be gone

5 to 6

Drug Half Life

is the time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the bloodstream to reduce by half, influencing dosing schedules and duration of effect.

Autonomic Nervous System

is a part of the nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate, and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Skeletal Muscle System

is the system of muscles that enables movement of the skeleton, primarily under voluntary control, and is essential for locomotion and posture.

Acetylcholine

is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in transmitting signals in the nervous system, particularly at neuromuscular junctions and in the autonomic nervous system.

Sympathetic Nervous System

is a division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations, often referred to as the "fight or flight" response. Uses Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Nervous System is a division of the autonomic nervous system that promotes rest and digestion, counteracting the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. It uses neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine.

Which organ has the roles of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous systems Reversed?

The gut

Alpha 1 Receptor

On the blood vessels, makes them constrict when stimulated. Responds to Epi and Norepi

Cholinergic

Refers to neurons that release acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter and the receptors that respond to it. Cholinergic activity is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.

Beta 1 Receptors

Primarily located in the heart, these receptors increase heart rate and contractility when stimulated. Responds to epi and norepi.

Beta 2 Receptors

Located in the lungs and blood vessels, these receptors cause bronchodilation and vasodilation (opens lungs) when stimulated. They respond to epinephrine.

Most drugs that mimic ACH affects both locations of receptors

False

Paralytics

Drugs that block all skeletal ACH. Used in major surgeries and lethal injection. Even stops breathing without ventilator.

Asphyxiation

Occurs when the body doesn’t receive enough oxygen

C1 Drug Schedule

No accepted medical use in America

C2 Drug Schedule

Highest level of control that can still be prescribed. Counted to the last tablet and no refills

C3 Drug Schedule

Less addictive but can still lead to a moderate dependence.

Barbiturates

A class of C3 depressant drugs. Used as anticonvulsants, hypnotics, and anxiolytics

C4 Drug Schedule

Has a low probability of misuse

C5 Drug Schedule

Lowest possible chance of addiction or misuse.

Legend

A prescription drug

Controlled substance

A drug controlled by the government in how it is made, used, handled, stored, and distributed

Substance Use Disorder

Politically correct term for drug addicts

All prescriptions have to be in ….

A child resistance cap (unless asked otherwise for certain drugs)

Two substances pharmacy’s will mix extra drugs with

Cat litter or coffee grounds

Side effects

Predicted effect that is dose related. Occur when drugs aren’t selective enough for what they are supposed to do

Dirty Drug

A drug with side effects

Homeopathic Medication

Like cures like. Gives small doses to build tolerance

Phase 1 Study

Small group of healthy humans to test kinetics, dosage, and side effects

Phase 2 Study

Larger group of people that have the disease, tests to see if it actually treats what it was designed to treat.

Phase 3 Study

Very large and long study that gathers all kinds of information on the drug needed for approval and packaging

Adverse Effect

A very undesirable or harmful effect of a drug that is unexpected

Black Box Warning

Extremely serious adverse effect (liver failure, seizures, etc)

Pharmacology

Science of predicting what a drug will do and the side effects it will have

3 uses of drugs

Cure (antibiotics) Suppress(HIV) and Prevent (vaccinations)

Over the counter Drugs

Drugs that don’t require diagnosis or doctor monitoring and can be purchased without a prescription

Herbal and Complementary Alternative Medications

Considered food and not evaluated by FDA. Can not say they treat anything. May or may not help.

Behind the Counter Drugs

Have to interact with pharmacist and will look up customer to see how much they have been buying.

Drug Brand Names

The name a company will give a drug when it gets a patent

A typical drug patent only lasts ______

10 years

When a generic version of a drug is available, by law, _____

Pharmacies are required to dispense the generic.

What are the two drugs that people commonly have allergies to

Penicillin and Sulfa

Allergy symptoms

Red, rash, hives, can’’t Breathe.

What causes allergies

The body makes antibodies for something that isn’t actually harmful

Antibodies

Proteins made by genes that trigger the immune response

T/F If you will have an allergic reaction to drug, it will likely happen the first time you take it

False, body has to make the antibodies

Epipens

Raise blood pressure and open air ways

Steroids (allergy)

Suppress immune response

Ergogenics/doping

Drug used to enhance athletic performance

Agonist

Stimulates or mimics usual binding hormone

Antagonist

Blocks enzyme or hormone

Reversibility

Drug will bind and eventually let go

Irreversibility

Bind and stay for the life of the receptor

Tolerance

After consitantly blocking or stimulating receptors body will make more of or less of receptor to lessen effects

Liver

Removes fat soluble drugs

Kidney

Removes water soluble drugs

Therapeutic Index

Concentration where drug does and what we need it to do. Location of action. Can be very narrow or very wide