210 davis chapter 8 (old style maybe dont use)

health

the world health organization defined this as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.

health promotion

"the process of equipping people to have control over and improve their physical, emotional, and social health"

jean watson

who proposed that health consists of three elements: (1) a high level of overall physical, mental, and social functioning; (2) a general adaptive-maintenance level of daily functioning; and (3) the absence of illness. She also emphasizes that health is a "state of mind, the perception of the individual"?

betty neuman

who defines health as "an expression of living energy available to an individual" on a continuum. Wellness is represented by high energy, while illness is represented by low energy?

myers, sweeney, and witmer

who defines wellness as “a way of life oriented toward optimal health and well-being in which body, mind, and spirit are integrated by the individual to live more fully within the human and natural community”?

theologian jurgen moltmann

who described health as “the strength to live, the strength to suffer, and the strength to die... the power of my soul to cope with the varying condition of that body”?

individual experiences

Full-spectrum nurses understand wellness, health, and illness as individual experiences, emerging from each patient’s unique responses

the health-illness continuum

This model views health and illness as a graduated spectrum that cannot be divided except arbitrarily. An individual’s position moves back and forth on this spectrum with physiological changes, lifestyle choices, and therapy outcomes, ranging from 1 (gravely ill) to 10 (excellent health/peak form).

Dunn’s health Grid

This plots a person's status on the health–illness continuum against their environmental conditions. It helps predict changes in health status. For example, a person with poor physical health but excellent social support and positive coping mechanisms is plotted in the "protected poor health" quadrant.

Neuman’s continuum

This represents a balance of energy input and output. Wellness occurs when more energy is generated than is expended. Illness (and potentially death) occurs when more energy is expended than generated.

social determinants of health (SDOH)

Defined as “the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks”. They span five major areas: economic stability, education access and quality, social and community context, healthcare access and quality, and the neighborhood/built environment.

Food insecurity

This is "the physical feeling of hunger and anxiety about access to food".

Food deserts

These are "areas in which the population resides more than 1 mile from a supermarket or large grocery store (≥10 miles in rural populations)".

Health equity

This is "having access to resources that everyone else has access to so that people can live a healthy life".

health disparities

These are "systematic health differences that negatively affect certain groups of people" which lead to unfair, preventable differences in outcomes relative to care, treatment, suffering, and longevity.

access to care

A client's apparent "lack of concern" or noncompliance with a treatment regimen is, in reality, frequently a problem of access to healthcare driven by SDOH barriers.

physical disease

Reduces the ability to perform life roles and causes emotional shock, anxiety, or grief.

injury

Disrupts lives suddenly, leaving patients with no time to prepare for new realities.

mental illness

Causes intense, chronic sorrow for patients and families, often carrying a heavy social stigma.

Pain

An all-encompassing sensory disruption that can change personality, erode coping skills, and interfere with healthy communication.

Loss

Cuts to the core of identity (loss of a job, relationships, health, or functioning) and initiates a period of disintegration.

loss of sense of self

Humiliating threats to dignity (such as wearing hospital gowns or experiencing bowel/bladder incontinence).

permanent loss

Coping with irreversible losses, such as the death of a loved one.

impending death

Coping with the limited timeline of a terminal prognosis.

competing demands

The cumulative strain of managing daily life responsibilities (work, bills, child care) alongside an illness.

the unknown

Anxiety arising from sudden, unexpected changes in health with no chance to prepare.

imbalance

A perceived violation of justice, such as the death of a child ("out of order") or treatment failure when a patient has worked hard to recover.

isolation

A profound sense of aloneness or feeling that no one is really "in their world" to share the suffering.

experiencing symptoms, sick role behavior, seeking professional care, dependence on others, recovery

what are suchman’s five stages of illness behavior?

acute illness

An illness that "occurs suddenly and lasts for a limited amount of time" (e.g., a cold, flu, strep throat, or appendicitis), where an end/relief is in sight.

chronic illness

An illness that "lasts for a long period of time, usually 6 months or more, often for a lifetime" (e.g., AIDS, diabetes, COPD, hypertension).

remission

A period in chronic illness when "symptoms are minimal to none".

exacerbation

A clinical "flare-up" where symptoms intensify.

hardiness

A quality in which an individual "experiences high levels of stress yet does not fall ill". It involves developing a strong positive will to live (a "fighting spirit") and taking the initiative in dealing with life situations. It consists of three characteristics (The Three Cs)

control

A strong belief in one’s ability to control or influence the experience.

commitment

Feeling deeply involved in the activity or life processes producing the stress.

challenge

The ability to view stressful changes as an active challenge or opportunity to grow.

health promotion

Motivated by the desire to increase well-being (e.g., a person starting an exercise plan to improve their strength and endurance).

health protection

Motivated by a desire to avoid illness (e.g., starting an exercise plan because a parent died of a early heart attack).

primary prevention

Interventions designed to prevent or slow the onset of disease (e.g., eating healthy, regular exercise, wearing sunscreen, wearing seat belts, and staying up to date on immunizations).

secondary prevention

Screening activities and education designed for detecting illnesses in their earliest stages so treatment can begin immediately (e.g., blood pressure checks, diabetes testing, mammograms, Pap smears, and TB skin tests).

tertiary prevention

Interventions focusing on stopping a disease from progressing and returning the individual to their pre-illness phase (e.g., physical therapy, surgical rehabilitation, and post-stroke recovery exercises).

penders health promotion model

This framework identifies three groups of variables affecting health-promoting behaviors: (1) individual characteristics/experiences, (2) behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and (3) behavioral outcomes. It operates on the assumption that individuals seek to express their unique health potential and actively regulate their own behavior in complex interactions with their environment.

wheel of wellness

This model compares the facets of health to the spokes of a wheel. If one of the spokes is weak, the whole wheel is weak. The "spokes" represent six dimensions of health: emotional, intellectual, physical, spiritual, social/family, and occupational. Wellness progresses from the center (least wellness) to the outer edge (optimal wellness).

trantheoretical model of change

Developed by Prochaska and DiClemente, this model identifies how individuals alter unhealthy behaviors through six stages of change:

precontemplation

contemplation

preparation

action

maintenance

termination

precontemplation

The individual has no intention to change their behavior in the foreseeable future because they are unaware or underaware of their problem.

contemplation

Seriously thinking about overcoming a problem but has not yet made a commitment to take action.

preparation

Intending to take action within the next month and reporting small "baby steps" toward behavior change.

action

Actively implementing the plan, requiring a significant commitment of time and energy.

maintenance

Working to prevent a relapse and growing increasingly confident that the behavioral change can be sustained.

termination

The behavioral change is complete and integrated; the individual is no longer in danger of relapse.

role modeling

Teaching by example and demonstrating the healthy behaviors and attitudes to be learned. This must be culturally and age-appropriate, and the model should ideally be accessible to the client.

providing counseling

An interpersonal communication process that helps clients identify health problems and implement lifestyle changes.

contracting

Involves writing and signing a written behavioral contract to reinforce a client's commitment to their goals.

reinforcing

Boosting a client's self-esteem by actively reinforcing positive health-promoting behaviors that they have already established.

providing health education

Educating clients on self-care strategies, caregiver concerns, or how to navigate the healthcare system effectively as an informed consumer.

providing and facilitating support

Helping clients find and utilize community and family support resources (such as AA or weight-loss groups) to sustain their healthy changes.