module 1 exam

define microbe

an organism or virus too small to be seen without a microscope

define pathogen

a microbe capable of causing disease

list each characteristic of life

• Responsiveness

• Growth and Reproduction

• Metabolism

• Homeostasis

• Organization

what are the four macromolecules

proteins nucleic acids, lipids, and carbs

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

page 1 of google doc

what is the cell wall of a prokaryotic cell made of

semi-rigid peptidoglycan layer that gives shape, attachment for falgella and prevents rupture

what is the glycocalyx of a prokaryotic cell made of

gel-like sugar-protein coating that can protect against immune attack

different prokarytoic cell shapes

• occi: Spherical cells 

  • Streptococcus

  • Multiple cocci = clusters

• Bacilli: rod-shaped cells

  • E.coli, Salmonella

  • Multiple bacilli = chain

• Spirilla (corkscrew)

  • Treponema pallidum

• Virbrio (curved rod)

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis= unicellular bacterium 

define heterotrophic

consume nutrients from their environment = animalia

define autrotrophic

use inorganic materials and sunlight to generate energy

what is the cell wall of a plant cell made of and its importance

cellulose to maintain shape and prevent excessive water uptake

define chemoheterotrophs

an organism that gets both its energy and its carbon by eating or breaking down organic compounds made by other living things

define saprotrophic

externally digest and then absorb nutrients from decaying matter

protists are heterotrophic or autotrophic?

have both characteristics

what is the cell wall made of

polysaccharide and proteins

each type of cell and its cell wall components

**look at page 6

cytoplasm vs cytosol

cytoplasm: compartment contained by the plasma membrane that contains macromolecules and organelles (in eukaryotic cells)

cytosol: watery-gel that suspends organelles and provides a place for many chemical reactions to occur

nuclear enevelope vs nuclear pore vs nucleolus

• Nuclear envelope: double membrane that makes compartment 

• Nuclear pore: channel or holes within the nuclear envelope allowing RNA to leave the nucleus and large molecules to enter the nucleus

• Nucleolus: where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and synthesized(appears dark in microscope)

transportation of vesicles in golgi complex

vesicles transport molecules via the cis side to go to the trans side

function of the lysosomes

• Hydrolytic enzymes that break down molecules can work only at a certain acidic pH

  • If escaped, won’t wreck cellular havoc and destroy the cell because the enzymes stop working at a less acidic environment 

• Cells that can phagocytose food can form vacuoles that merge with lysosomes 

  • Enzymes in lysosomes can digest food particles for the cell to use 

what’s important to know about mitochondria

• double membrane structure similar to the cell and the nucleus itself

• has OWN ribosomes and own DNA to make proteins

• can grow and reproduce independently from cells

define endosymbiont theory

• a eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell, producing an endosymbiotic relationship where both survived and reproduced 

where does cellular respiration take place

mitochondrial matrix

two parts of mitochondria

inter membrane space and mitochondrial matrix

rank what the cell is most made out of in terms of macromolecules

• Proteins (15%), nucleic acids (7%), polysaccharides (2%), lipids (2%)

name pyridimdines

cytosine, thymine, uracil

name purines

adenine, guanine

examples of disaccharides

maltose and lactose

what is the macromolecule that doesn’t form polymers?

lipids