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social organizations
the pattern of individual and group relations resulting from social interactions.
social group
people who share an enduring interaction and relationship resulting in similarities in values, beliefs, lifestyle, and attitudes.
commonality established in these is a sense of belongingness.
aggregate
possesses physical proximity but does not have enduring social interaction.
category
people who have common traits and interest but aren't together physically nor interact.
primary groups
small social groups that have personal and lasting relationships.
tightly integrated groups with more commonalities and a high sense of group identity, loyalty and emotional ties.
example: family
charles horton cooley
introduced the concept of primary groups.
believed that these groups mold individuals and prepare them for society.
secondary groups
large groups with impersonal relationships.
no sense of group identity that only exist to accomplish a goal.
example: coworkers
in-group
social group that a person identifies with and feels they belong to.
loyal to each other and feel superior to out-group members.
in-group favouritism
people tend to favor members of a group they identify with.
often stereotypes and prejudices against nonmembers.
out-group
social group a person does not identify with nor belong to.
power
has the ability to influence how society views out-group members.
intergroup aggression
acts that intend to harm out-group members.
social comparison theory
humans naturally evaluate themselves so they use their social groups as reference.
reference group
a group of individual compares themselves to in order to evaluate their own attitude, beliefs, and behavior.
one can change their reference group depending on their stage in life.
herbert hyman
he came up with the term “reference group”.
anticipatory socialization
when an individual uses as an out-group for reference by someone who wants to be part of the group.
example: student who wants to be a doctor.
positive reference group
groups whose norms are referenced because an individual wants to be part of it.
negative reference group
groups whose norms are avoided because individuals don't want to be part of it.
network
structure of social actors connected by weak social ties.
vary in size, form, and relationship.
concept of common good
using the internet, users can form connections with social actors worldwide.
importance of networks
networks come with cultural and economic benefits or social capital.
looking-glass self theory
an individuals idea of themselves is influenced by how they believe other people perceive them.
Made by Charles Holton Cooley
comparative theory
to study the similarities and differences between or among societies.
critical theory
to critique society, social structures, and systems of power to foster egalitarian social change.
cultural evolutionism theory
declares that societies progress from simpler to more complex organizational forms.
diffusionism theory
cultural borrowing from one another results in societal change.
feminist theory
women are given a voice to highlight various way they have contributed to society.
functionalism theory
society is a biological organism with all its parts interconnected.
these parts function to satisfy the human needs.
historical materialism theory
culture is a product of material conditions in which a given community finds itself.
interpretive theory
it’s important to understand the subjective experience of human beings.
neo-evolutionism theory
culture is shaped by environmental and technological solutions.
psychological anthropology theory
learning a culture impacts one’s personality.
structural functionalism theory
social institutions primarily function to maintain the harmony of a social whole.
symbolic interaction theory
society is analyzed by addressing the subjective meanings that individuals impose on behaviors, events, and objects.
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