Biology Final Exam

Binary Fission

form of asexual reproduction in which batcteria divide

DNA replication

first step of bacterial replication

• DNA is copied

Interphase

Nucleoli are present during this phase of the cell cycle, where the cell prepares for division by growing and replicating its DNA.

Telophase

Often accompanies cytokinesis, the final stage of mitosis, where the chromosomes decondense and the nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes.

Prophase

Chromatin fibers become discrete chromosomes which become visible

Anaphase

Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes and migrate to opposite poles

Preometaphase

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during this phase

Miotic Phase

In what phase do both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm divide that encompasses mitosis and cytokinesis

Prophase

First stage of mitosis, when centrosomes begin moving toward opposite poles and the nuclear envelope breaks up

Metaphase

occurs in the middle of mitosis, when the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and start their migration toward opposite poles during this phase of mitosis

Telophase

final stage of mitosis, when the chromosomes have arrived at the poles and the nuclear envelopes of the two new cells form

Cyokinesis

the division of the cytoplasm that occurs in conjunction with telophase, the last phase of mitosis

Three

How many major checkpoints are there in mitosis that regulate the process of the cell cycle

G₁ phase

A

S phase

B

Interphase

C

G₂ phase

D

Mitotic (M) phase

E

Mitosis

F

Cytokinesis

G

Pair of homologous chromosomes

A

Centromete

B

Sister chromatids

C

Fat

Carcinogen that promotes colon cancer

Four

How many haploid cells does Meiosis produce

One

How many diploid cells does Meiosis start with

Prophase I

Phase of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs Segments of nonsister chromatids trade places resulting in recombination.

two

Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is haploid

haploid

Meiosis I produces two cells, each of which is _____.    

haploid

Meiosis II typically produces four cells, each of which is _____.    

four

Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is haploid.    

Anaphase II

Phase in meiosis in which sister chromatids separate

Telophase I

At the end of ______ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids

Prophase I

Phase in meiosis in which synapsis occurs

Synapsis

the pairing of homologous chromosomes

Anaphase I

Phase in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles

Metaphase II

Phase in meiosis in which chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell

Telophase II

Phase in meiosis in which at the end there are four haploid cells

Prophase II

Phase in meiosis in which a spindle forms in a haploid cell

Homozygous

When both of the alleles of a given gene pair are the same

Gene pool

All the genes in a population are that population’s _____.

Genetic drift

a process based on the role of chance

Mutation

Occurs when there is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene

Gene flow

Due to the fact that when people travel or migrate they take their alleles with them, the ease of travel across the globe increases _____.

Metaphase I

Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up independently of other such pairs during _____.    

Thymine

Specific base pair of adenine

Cytosine

Specific base pair of guanine

Nuclotides

DNA is composed of building blocks called

Double helix

Eukaryotic DNA organization appearance

Helicase

first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by

template

An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.    

ligase

Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by

D

Which of these is responsible for the catalyzing the formation of an RNA primer

DNA polymerases

build new strands of DNA by adding DNA nucleotides onw at a time

ligase

The molecule that seals the gaps between the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand

B

nucleotide

nucleotide

This us an image of a(n) ________

phosphate group

A

nitrogenous base

C

transcription

What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA

translation

the process by whuch information encoded in RNA is used to manufacture a polypeptide

RNA processing

the name given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA

amino acids

Polypeptides are assembled from

mRNA

RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into

RNA polymerase

Grey unit represents

the promoter

green unit represents

DNA

the blue strand represents the

tRNA

B

true

The site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm is the ribosome. True or False?

RNA polymerase

protein made up of amino acids

Information

what does mRNA carry away from the nucleus

Ribsosome

the site of protein synthesis in the cell

gametes

For a mutation to affect the evolution of an animal species, it must occur eithin

Gene expression

a term that relates to the flow of genetic information from DNA to proteins

Codominance

a pattern of inheritance in which heterozygotes express phenotypes of both of the homozygotes

homozygous

an organism that has two identical alleles of a gene for a given character

polygenic inheritance

a form of inheritance in which the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between either of the homozygous phenotypes

heterozygous

an organism that has two different alleles of a gene for a given character

phenotype

an organism’s traits- including its outward appearance, behavior, and other observable or measurable characteristics

genotype

an organism’s genetic makeup — its actual combination of alleles

multiple alleles

when three or more alleles of the same gene exist in a population

bbgg

What is the genotype of the parent with orange eyes and white skin (both are recessive traits)

locus

Changing the physical position of a gene changes the gene’s

phenotype

the physical manifestation of an organism’s genes

dominant

if in a heterozygous individual, only one allele is expressed in the phenotype, that allele is

recessive

an allele whose effect is masked when paired with a dominant allele is

Heterozygotes

two different alleles

homozygous recessive

in pea plants, purple flower color is dominant to white flower color. Describe the genotype of a white flower

Pp

A purple flowered pea plant self-fertilizes and produces both purple and white offspring. What is its genotype?

Pp x pp

A pea plant with purple flowers (and unknown genotype is crossed with a pea plant with white flowers. One-half of the offspring have purple flowers and one half have white flowers. What are the genotypes of the parent plants?

dihybrid

A cross between two individuals with black eyes and green skin which results in an individual with orange eyes and white skin is an example of what kinf id cross

Anaphase I

During which phase of the cell cycle does the law of independent assortment occur?

Incomplete dominance

A pure breeding plant with red flowers is crossed with a pure breeding plant with white flowers. The offspring all have pink flowers. What pattern of inheritance does this involve?

heterozygous

When the two gametes that fuse to form a zygote contain different alleles of a given gene, the offspring is

nucleotides

What are the basic building blocks that are used to construct a gene?

recessive

what type of allele produces its effects in only homozygous individuals

segregation

What alleles on a pair of homologous chromosomes move into different gametes during meiosis

AB

Blood typing is often used as evidence in paternity cases in court. In one case, the mother had type B and the child has blood type O. What blood type could the father not have

Codominance

Occurs when both of the alleles in a heterozygote are equally expressed phenotypically in an individual