Eukaryotic Cell

Cell-surface (Plasma Membrane): Description (2)

The membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of other cells

It’s made mainly of lipids and protein

Cell-surface (Plasma Membrane): Function (2)

Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell

It also has receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

Nucleus: Description (2)

A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane) which contains many pores

The nucleus contains chromosomes (which are made from protein-bound linear DNA) called a nucleolus

Nucleus: Function (4)

Controls the cell’s activites (by controlling the transcription of DNA)

DNA contains instructions to make proteins

The pores allow susbtances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

The nucleolus makes ribosomes

Mitochondrion (3)

Usually oval-shaped

They have a double membrane - the inner one is folded to form strucutres called cristae

Inside is the matrix, which contains enzymes involved in respiration

Mitochondrion: Function (2)

The site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced

They’re found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy

Chloroplast: Description (4)

A small, flattened structure found in plant and algal cells

Its surrounded by a double membrane, and also has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes

These membranes are stacked up in some parts of the chloroplast to form grana

Grana are linked together by lamella - thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane

Chlorplast: Function (2)

The site where photosynthesis takes place

Some parts of photosynthesis happed in the grana, and other parts happed in the stroma (a thick fluid found in chlorplasts)

Golgi apparatus: Description (2)

A group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound flattened sacs

Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs

Golgi apparatus: Function (2)

It processes and packages new lipids and proteins

It also makes lysosomes

Golgi vesicle: Description

A small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane and produced by the Golgi apparatus

Golgi vesicle: Function

Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell (via the cell-surface membrane)

Lysosome: Description (2)

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure

It’s a type of Golgi vesicle

Lysosome: Function (2)

Contains digestive enzymes called lyzozymes

These are kept seperate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membranes, and can be used to digest invading cells or to break down wor out components of the cell

Ribosome: Description (3)

A very small organelle that either floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

It’s made up of proteins and RNA

It’s not surrounded by a membrane

Ribosome: Function

The site where proteins are made

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Description (2)

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space

The surface is covered with ribosomes

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Function

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Description

Similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum, but with no ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Function

Synthesises and processes lipids

Cell Wall: Description (3)

A rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi

In plants and algae its made mainly of the carbohydrate cellulose

In fungi its made of chitin

Cell Wall: Function

Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape

Cell Vacuole: Description (3)

A membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of plant cells

It contains cell sap - a weak solution of sugar and salts

The surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast

Cell Vacuole: Function (3)

Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keeps the cell rigid

This stops plants wilting

Also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell