APEURO UNIT 6 Second Wave Industrialization

Second Industrial Revolution

A phase of industrialization that occurred from the late 19th to early 20th century, characterized by advances in steel production, electricity, and chemical processes, leading to significant changes in transportation and communication.

Krupp Family

A prominent German industrial family known for their steel and munitions production during the Second Industrial Revolution

Manchester

A major city in England that became a leading center of industry with its industrial parks, in which machines to make new machines were made

Industrial park

a designated area for manufacturing and industry, often featuring multiple factories and facilities.

Telegraph

A system of sending messages over long distances using coded signals, often by wire; invented in the 1840’s; started off with messages via morse code; connected Europe with the Americas and revolutionized communication.

vulcanization

The process of treating rubber with sulfur to improve its durability and elasticity, making it suitable for industrial applications.

railroads

became more prevalent in the Second Industrial Revolution as opposed to travel by ship; facilitated urban migration

internal combustion engine

A revolutionary engine type that generates power through the combustion of fuel within the engine itself, leading to advancements in transportation and machinery during the Second Industrial Revolution.

automobiles

Vehicles powered by internal combustion engines, enabling personal transportation and contributing to urbanization and industrial growth during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Henry Ford

An American industrialist and founder of the Ford Motor Company, he revolutionized the automobile industry with mass production techniques, particularly the assembly line, making cars affordable for the average American.

streetcars

Public transportation vehicles that run on tracks, powered by electricity or other energy sources, facilitating urban mobility during the Second Industrial Revolution.

advertizing

The practice of promoting products or services through various media channels, significantly boosting consumer awareness and sales during the Second Industrial Revolution.

consumerism

The cultural phenomenon that arose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by the increased consumption of goods and services driven by mass production, marketing, and a desire for a higher standard of living.

department stores

Large retail establishments that offer a wide variety of goods across different categories, often featuring various departments and serving as a central hub for shopping, particularly during the Second Industrial Revolution; led to the rise of shopping as a leisure activity

Long Depression

A prolonged economic downturn that lasted from 1873 to 1879, characterized by high unemployment and deflation, significantly impacting global economies and contributing to economic policy changes.

protective tariffs

Taxes imposed on imported goods to protect domestic industries by raising the cost of foreign products, encouraging local consumption and production.

Zollverein Agreement

A customs union established in 1834 among German states to eliminate tariffs between them, facilitating trade and economic cooperation; sought to economically unify German states

National System

A theory proposed by Friedrich List that emphasizes the need for a nation to protect and promote its industries through government intervention and tariffs to achieve economic growth and competitiveness.