Biochemistry & Cell Biology - Vocabulary Flashcards (Pages 1-3)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from Pages 1-3 of the notes, including carbohydrates, nucleic acids, functional groups, lipids, atoms & bonds, reasoning, experimental design, cell organization, and life characteristics.

Dehydration Synthesis

Removes water to build polymers.

Hydrolysis

Adds water to break down polymers.

Monosaccharides

Single sugar units; the monomers of carbohydrates.

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides linked together.

Polysaccharides

Three or more monosaccharides linked; storage and structural polysaccharides.

Glycosidic linkage

Bond connecting sugar units in carbohydrates.

Ring structure (in monosaccharides)

Monosaccharides commonly form ring structures.

Monomer count in carbohydrates

Monosaccharides are 1 monomer; Disaccharides are 2; Polysaccharides are 3+.

Examples (Monosaccharides)

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose.

Examples (Disaccharides)

Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose.

Examples (Polysaccharides)

Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen, Chitin.

Function (Monosaccharides)

Fast energy.

Function (Disaccharides)

Energy.

Function (Polysaccharides)

Storage & structural.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; sugar is deoxyribose; bases A, T, G, C; double-stranded, antiparallel; stores genetic information.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid; sugar is ribose; bases A, U, G, C; single-stranded; transmits genetic information.

DNA sugar

Deoxyribose (2'-H).

RNA sugar

Ribose (2'-OH).

Bases in DNA

A, T, G, C.

Bases in RNA

A, U, G, C.

Nucleotide

Phosphate + sugar + base.

DNA structure

Double-stranded, antiparallel.

RNA structure

Single-stranded.

DNA function

Storage of genetic information.

RNA function

Transmission of genetic information.

Hydroxyl group

–OH; polar; alcohols; found in Carbs.

Amino group

–NH2; polar; base; found in Proteins.

Methyl group

–CH3; nonpolar; found in Lipids, Nucleic Acids.

Phosphate group

–OPO3^2-; charged; found in Lipids, Nucleic Acids.

Carbonyl group

C=O; polar; found in Carbs.

Sulfhydryl group

–SH; polar; found in Proteins.

Carboxyl group

–COOH; polar, acid; found in Proteins, Lipids.

Butter (lipids)

Contains saturated fatty acids.

Oil (lipids)

Contains cis unsaturated fatty acids.

Oxygen (atom)

Atomic number 8; atomic mass 15.999; valency 2; bonds: O–H polar, O–C polar.

Nitrogen (atom)

Atomic number 7; atomic mass 14.007; valency 3; bonds: N–H polar, N–C polar.

Carbon (atom)

Atomic number 6; atomic mass 12.011; valency 4; bonds: C–H nonpolar, C–O polar.

Hydrogen (atom)

Atomic number 1; atomic mass 1.0078; valency 1; bonds: H–O polar, H–N polar.

Ionic bonds

Electron transfer.

Covalent bonds

Electron sharing.

Hydrogen bonds

Between water molecules.

Mass value

Mass = 3 g.

pH value

pH = 8 (basic).

Inductive reasoning

Specific observations → general theory; used in forensics, archaeology.

Deductive reasoning

General theory → specific predictions; used in immunology, forensics.

Independent Variable

Wavelength of light.

Dependent Variable

Plant height, girth, growth rate.

Controls

Amount of light, water, soil, temperature, pot size.

Prokaryotes

Lack a nucleus; binary fission; circular chromosomes; small; no membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes

Have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, chloroplast, Golgi, cytoplasm); linear chromosomes; larger diversity.

Characteristics of Life

Response to stimuli; nutrient/energy processing; regulation & homeostasis; growth & development; reproduction; order; evolution & adaptation.

Universal features shared by all life

Same genetic material, universal genetic code, same gene expression process, molecular building blocks, and ribosomes.