Clauses in Latin

noun clauses

he entire clause functions as a noun (ie either as the subject of the direct clause or the direct object)

abjectival clause

clause functions to modify the main noun of the sentence

adverbal clause

generally they modify verbs, but they can also modify adjectives and other adverbs, thus these clauses indicate how/when something happened as well as the circumstances/reason

jussive subjunctive clause

an independent (main) clause expressing a command or exhortation, recognizable by sentences verb being in the subjunctive (negatives introduced with ne), translate with a “let”

purpose clause

a subordinate clause explaining the purpose of the action in the main clause, i.e., answering the question, why? this clause is introduced with ut, translate using the infinitive or “may” and “might”

result clause

a subordinate clause explaining the result of the action in the main clause (what happened), recognized by ut, if its negative usually containes non, nemo, numquam, translated with that, make subject indicative

indirect question

a subordinate clause that reports a question indirectly, recognizable by interrogative words (quis, quid, cur, ubi) usually clause ends with a subjunctive (verb of mental activity), translate the subject as an indicative

cum clauses

a subordinate clause introduced by cum meaning when/since/although, describes an action somehow associated with the action in the main clause, recognition is clause always has cum, translate as an indicative (cum as when or although depending)

proviso clause

subordinate clause introduced by dummodo that means “provided that/so long as” it describes an action upon which the main clause is contingent, translate dummodo as “provided that”, translate verb as indicative

conditional clauses

a basic sentence consisting of one clause stating a condition/premise and another clause stating the outcome if the action does happen translation depends on type: simple factual, future, or contrafactual)

jussive noun clause

a subordinate clause that reports indirectly, not in a direct quotation, what someone has ordered, commanded, urged, etc. its identical to the purpose clause, translate with an infinitive

relative clause of characteristic

a subordinate clause that describes not a specific characteristic but a general quality (like sort of), recognizable because they begin with a relative pronoun and end with a subjunctive verb, translate with “would”

fear clause

a subordinate clause that describes an action that someone in the clause fears, recognizable by verbs meaning fear, translate me as that, and ut as that…not