biol 1021 lab final

Name this functional group.

hydroxyl group

Name this functional group.

carbonyl group

Name this functional group.

carboxyl group

Name this functional group.

amino group

Name this functional group.

sulfhydryl group

Name this functional group.

phosphate group

Name this functional group.

methyl group

Label these hexose sugars in order from A to C.

A. glucose
B. galactose
C. fructose

How many carbons does this glucose have?

6

Label these glucose molecules (which is alpha and which is beta)

A. alpha glucose
B. beta glucose

This shows _______ in onion cells.

interphase

This shows ________ in onion cells.

prophase

This shows ________ in onion cells.

metaphase

This shows ________ in onion cells.

anaphase

This shows ________ in onion cells.

telophase

This shows ________ in whitefish blastula.

interphase

This shows ________ in whitefish blastula.

prophase

This shows ________ in whitefish blastula.

metaphase

This shows a cell entering ________ in whitefish blastula.

anaphase

This shows ________ in whitefish blastula.

anaphase

This shows ________ in whitefish blastula.

anaphase

This shows ________ in whitefish blastula. The arrow indicates the _______ ________.

telophase, cleavage furrow

This shows _______ in whitefish blastula.

anaphase

This shows _______ in onion cells.

interphase

This shows _______ in onion cells.

prophase

This shows _______ in the parasitic worm, Ascaris lumbricoides. The red arrow indicates the ______ entering the ____ (the large clear bubbles). The blue arrow indicates the ___ _________, which have already started dividing.

meiosis, sperm, egg, egg chromosomes

The black arrow indicates the ______. The green arrow indicates the ______. The red arrow indicates the __________ of the ____ that are in ________.

sperm, egg, chromosomes, egg, meiosis

This cell has completed ________ __. We know this because a _____ ____ (large black arrow) has been extruded. The ___ _________ (smaller, red arrow) are still undergoing _______.

meiosis I, polar body, egg chromosomes, meiosis

The egg nucleus has completed _______ and is now ______. The sperm was already _____. Each nucleus indicated by a black arrow is now called a __________, and we cannot distinguish which nucleus is which.

meiosis, haploid, haploid, pronucleus

In this image, the 2 _________ are fusing to form a ________ ________, or a ______.

pronucleus, diploid nucleus, zygote

Label the plant pigments in order from A to E.

A. carotene
B. xanthophyll
C. chlorophyll a
D. chlorophyll b
E. loading line

Label the pigments A through C.

A. carotenoids
B. chlorophyll b
C. chlorophyll a

Data in the form of numbers is _________.

quantitative

Observations that do not involve numerical analyses give us ___________ data.

qualitative

independent variable

One or more factors that the scientist varies during the experiment.

A feature that the scientist measures in order to determine if it changes in response to the independent variable.

dependent variable

If a daphnia is subjected to increased concentrations of ethanol, it's heart rate will _______.

decrease

If a daphnia is subjected to increased concentrations of caffeine, it's heart rate will ________.

increases

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all _____________.

carbohydrates

fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids are all _________.

lipids

Amino acids, dipeptides, and polypeptides are all ________.

proteins

Mononucleotide and dinucleotide monomer, and polynucleotides (DNA and RNA) are all ___________.

nucleic acids

hydroxyl group

polar, found in alcohols

carbonyl group

polar, found in aldehydes and ketones

carboxyl group

weakly acidic, found in organic acids such as amino acids.

amino group

weakly basic, found in such things as amino acids.

sulfhydryl group

essentially nonpolar, found in some amino acids.

phosphate group

weakly acidic, found in such things as phospholipids and nucleic acids.

methyl group

nonpolar (thus hydrophobic), found in such things as lipids, and other membrane components.

When testing for simple reducing sugars, if the sugars are present in high concentration, Benedict's reagent should turn _____.

orange-red

______ is used to test for starch, a polysaccharide.

iodine

When testing for the presence of starch, the iodine should turn __________ if starch is present.

dark purple

The __________ is a common test for proteins.

Biuret Test

In the biuret test, the biuret reagent (which is originally _____) should turn ______ if protein or long peptides are present, and it should turn ______ if short peptides are present.

blue, violet, pink

The ___________ is used to test for lipids, and is based on the fact that lipids are not _______ in water.

Vegetable oil test, soluble

The __________ is used to test for lipids, and is based on the fact that lipids should spread and evaporate slowly.

brown paper test

In the brown paper test, a lipid should spread ______ and ______ across the paper, and after 10 minutes, the paper should still be ____.

slowly, evenly, wet

In the vegetable oil test, a lipid should ______ into the vegetable oil, forming __ layer(s)

dissolve, 1

A compound microscope magnifies using 2 lenses: one eyepiece (ocular) lens that is constant provides __X magnification, and 3 objective lenses that can be switched out provide __X, __X, or __X magnification.

10, 4, 10, 45

In order to get the final magnification of a compound microscope, you multiply the _______ lenses magnification by the ________ lenses magnification.

eyepiece, objective

Label 1, 3, and 5 in order.

amoeba, food vacuole, nucleus, pseudopods

Flagella have a ____ arrangement of microtubules.

9+2

simple diffusion

the net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

in simple diffusion, molecules move _____ a gradient.

down

Brownian motion

The colliding particles and molecules in a liquid or gas have a "jiggling" motion due to their random movement and collisions. This is called:

higher temperatures led to ______ diffusion.

faster

smaller, lighter particles diffuse ______ than larger, heavier particles.

faster

osmosis

the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of its higher molecular activity to a region of lower molecular activity.

active transport

the net movement of a substance, often against a gradient, that requires an input of energy and a carrier protein.

dynamic equilibrium

the point where 2 solutions are such that no net movement of molecules will occur.

hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, it is the solution that has the high concentration of the solute particles.

hypotonic

when comparing tow solutions, it is the solution that has the lower concentration of the solute particles.

isotonic

when two solutions have the same concentration of solutes.

molarity

the solute concentration of a solution (e.g. 0.2M glucose is one liter of solution that contains 0.2 moles of glucose dissolved in 1 liter of solution)

molecular activity

the random motion of molecules and atoms resulting from their own kinetic energy.

osmotic potential

the net tendency of water to move across a selectively permeable membrane into a solution.

The greater the solute concentration gradient, the _________ the osmotic potential.

greater

Osmotic potential is measured by measuring the _______ needed to stop water from flowing into that solution.

pressure

plasmolysis

shrinkage of a cell due to water loss (crenate)

water potential

The "potential energy" of water molecules.

water moves from a region of _____ water potential to a region of _____ water potential.

high, low

This elodea is _________ because it was exposed to a salt solution

plasmolysed

Dialysis bags will ____ weight because the water in the bag will to diffuse out of the bag to balance out the hypertonic solution outside of the bag.

lose

Dialysis bags will ____ weight because the water outside of the bag is going to diffuse into the bag to balance out hypertonic solution inside the bag.

gain

solvent

a liquid into which a substance is dissolved

solute

the dissolved substance

enzyme

an organic molecule (typically a protein) that acts as a catalyst.

enzymes work by lowering the the __________ ________ of a reaction.

activation energy

the enzyme-substrate complex is formed at the enzyme's ______ ____.

active site

When an apple turns brown shortly after you bite into it, the brown substance is _____________ in an ________ reaction

benzoquinone, oxidation

In the reaction we studied, the substrates were _________ and _____, and the products were _______________ and _______. the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is called _________ ________

catechol, 1/2 O2, benzoquinone, H2O, catechol oxidase

The enzyme catechol oxidase can be found in ______ _______.

potato extract

The optimal temperature for the enzyme catechol oxidase is __ degrees celcius, which is the ______ temperature of the range tested.

40, median

The optimal pH for catechol oxidase is __.

6

catechol, hydroquinone, and para-hydroxybenzaldehyde are all ________ that we tested for substrate specificity. Of these, the oxidation reaction only appears to occur with _______.

substrates, catechol

cellular respiration

the process by which organisms use to get energy (stored in ATP) from their food molecules)

what caffeine and ethanol did to the heart rate of Daphnia

caffeine - increased heart rate, ethanol- decreased heart rate

heart

knurled ring

eyepieces