Module 3: THE PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION

PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION

A synthesis of design principles used to achieve a unified and satisfactory architectural composition.

CONTRAST

The use of differences to create interest, emphasize qualities, and achieve proper scale, proportion, and unity.

CONTRAST OF FORM

Variation in shape (2D) or mass/volume (3D) to create visual interest.

CONTRAST OF SHAPE

The use of different 2-dimensional forms to avoid monotony.

CONTRAST OF MASS

The use of different volumes, such as vertical and horizontal masses, to create composition.

CONTRAST OF LINE

Variation in line direction or character.

CONTRAST OF DIRECTION

The use of horizontal, vertical, or diagonal elements to create variety.

CONTRAST OF TYPE

The use of straight, curved, regular, irregular, broken, or continuous lines.

CONTRAST OF SIZE

Variation in the size of similar objects to create emphasis or interest.

GRADATION

A gradual and uniform change in size.

CONTRAST OF TONE

Variation in texture, openings, or planes to create visual contrast.

CONTRAST OF TREATMENT

Variation in surface finish, patterns, or materials.

EMPHASIS

A dominant feature created through controlled contrast to establish a focal point.

TRANSITION

A gradual change between contrasting elements rather than an abrupt one.

BALANCE

The harmonious arrangement of visual weights, tones, and values in a composition.

SYMMETRICAL BALANCE

A formal balance where identical elements are arranged equally on both sides of a central axis.

FORMAL BALANCE

A near-symmetrical balance where masses are similar but shapes or surface treatments differ.

ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE

An informal balance using unequal elements that still achieve visual equilibrium.

OCCULT BALANCE

Another term for asymmetrical balance.

FULCRUM

The visual center of an asymmetrical composition around which balance is achieved.

RHYTHM

Organized movement created through repetition or progression of design elements.

MOVEMENT

The basis or foundation of rhythm.

RHYTHMIC USE OF COLOR

The repetition of similar colors to guide the eye.

RHYTHMIC USE OF LINE

The repetition of similar lines to create movement.

RHYTHM OF MOTION

Movement expressed through actions, such as dancing.

RHYTHM OF DIRECTION

The repetition of architectural elements such as arches.

STATIC ARTS

Permanent arts including Architecture, Literature, Sculpture, Decorative Arts, and Painting.

EVANESCENT ARTS

Temporary or transitory arts including Music, Dance, and Dramatics.

UNITY

The harmonious relationship of all design elements into one coherent composition.

REPETITION

The simplest method of achieving unity by repeating similar elements.

CENTRAL MOTIF

A dominant feature introduced to strengthen unity and provide emphasis.

COMPETITION

The conflict among elements competing for attention, reducing unity.

CONFUSION

A result of excessive contrast and lack of similarity among design elements.

CHARACTER

The expression of a building's purpose through composition and design.

MANIFESTED CHARACTER

The exterior expression of a building's internal qualities and function.

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER

Character derived from the building's intended use or purpose.

Museums use skylights; schools require many windows; shops have display windows; factories express efficiency; houses express domestic life.

ASSOCIATED CHARACTER

Character created through traditional forms and historical associations.

Churches with spires, banks with Classical Orders, and schools with Collegiate Gothic architecture.

PERSONAL CHARACTER

Character based on the emotional response a building creates in the observer.

Buildings may appear dignified, graceful, playful, restrained, or forbidding depending on their design.