Marine Systems (Tests and Quizes)

The First Woman to earn two PhDs in the US; She was with the Marine Biological Laboratory for many years

Clapp

Early African American researcher who pioneered radiation effects on embryos was able to obtain a PhD despite exceptionally difficult experiences

Young

The First Woman to earn two PhDs in the US; She was with the Marine Biological Laboratory for many years

Clapp

Early African American researcher who pioneered radiation effects on embryos was able to obtain a PhD despite exceptionally difficult experiences

Young

Was not allowed on board ship at the time; worked largely by herself to develop the first ocean floor maps, still extensively used today

Marie Tharp

A popular shallow to twilight zone submersible with a large completely clear spherical viewing port, providing excellent views of plankton

Sea Link

The first research vessel that used transverse thrusters to allow it to maintain its position as close as possible to a precise longitude and latitude. This technology is used commonly today by cruise ships and other research vessels

The Knorr

Which magnetic pole is located near the earth’s geographic south pole?

The north pole

Trieste supported the bathysphere, which dove to what great depth in the ocean?

about 11,000

This region of the ocean is the most likely region to be well-mixed

epipelagic

This oceanic depth is likely to have an oxygen minimum and is typically about 10°C

about 11,000

Water you just collected off the Irish coast has a sigma(t)=27.45. In the chart, indicate where you think the water may have formed

Mediterranean Sea - 1.02745

How much of the earth’s water is potable (drinkable) sea water?

<1.5%

This part of the ocean seabed has the steepest slope

continental slope

This region tends to generate continental margin volcanos

continental margin subduction zones

What is the most effective mechanism for the redistribution of heat in the ocean?

convection

Which of the following have the shortest residence time in the ocean?

phosphorus

Examine the estuarine salinity and depth profile date here: What condition doe it display?

Salt Wedge estuary

These organisms are found in the water column. They cannot swim freely against currents to relocate

plankton

At these depths, the ocean is considered to be the photic zone, supporting photosynthesis

epipelagic

The ocean recieves

Particulate mineral matter, dissolved salts, Particulate organic matter (POM), Dissolved organic matter (DOM), and more

Define density-dependent transport

movement driven by a combination of temperature and salinity

The Eckman spiral describes the movement of water at the air/water interface ONLY

False

Tidal range and wave activity profiles vary from location to location, because of the location!

True

Which of the following is the most potent greenhouse gas?

Water

“The glaciers advanced as fast as a dog can run” according to Tlinglit oral history… referring to the advancement of the Grand Pacific Glacier (that formed Glacier Bay), in the early 1700s.

True

Precession of the Earth’s tilt will lead to weaker heating over the Northern Hemisphere 11,000 years from now

False

An Ecosystem is a habitat that includes biotic and abiotic features, and relates to location, biological communities and biological and physical boundaries

True

Pick from the following how individuals interact with each other and/or the environment

competition, predation, parasitism, and disturbance

How do animals use coloration?

crypsis (camouflage), aposematic coloration, and mimic of a different species

Choose: Attributes that relate to the concept of inducible defense and/or an example of a response

acrorhagi, response to kairomones induces a large ‘cap’ on a Daphnia, and production of stolons with induced high nematocyst count

Which of the following is an example of commensalism?

a worm burrows; a small shrimp and a tiny fish live in the burrow, too

A foundation species provides fundamental structure wherein other species can interact with each other and with the environment. An example is sea grass

true

When a particular species outcompetes other species for a resource it is called

superior

Optimal foraging models by predators include

reduction of diet diversity in a rich environment, increased time spent in a patch if the patches are far apart, and always attempting to maximize prey size to increase energy uptake

In an ecological hierarchy, this level is associated with a group of different species living in a similar region

community

In cases of mutualism, one individual gains while the other loses

false

In the intermediate disturbance hypothesis,

intermediate disturbance results in the greatest diversity and number

In models of succession,

early colonizers are able to facilitate the gain of species, patterns of succession can be the result of accidental, variable types of interactions such as seasonal colonization and random changes, and dominance can come about via species that are resistant to predation

A density mediated indirect ecological effect that reduces the presence of a second predator can in turn cause the number of prey of a secondary predator to increase

true

How does a sponge capture prey by adjusting the Reynold’s number?

it causes food particles to slow greatly so that they have a greater chance of being captured

Very small can purposely, actively control their swimming activities as a function of temperature

false

Glycerol is approximately

Approximately hundred-thousand times more viscous than air

Your Reynolds number is

Less than that of a whale, more than a million fold grater than that of a bacterium, is about 2 million, and indicates that you are living in an inertial conditions

Zebra mussels are able to capture food particles by means of multiple groups of cilia on the filamentous gill

True

Fjords

often have anoxic bottoms

Which of the following regions of the world ocean is probably the largest physical ecological zone group on the planet, just based on volume?

the twilight zone; the mesopelagic and abyssopelagic

The abyssopelagic is aphotic (lacking light)

true

Two PhDs, one of the earliest female marine researchers and historic, major supporter of the Marine Biological Laboratory

C. Clapp

Ocean conditions can be monitored by

satellite, autonomous undersea gliders, and high altitude planes, balloons, rockets etc

Roger A Young

Was one of EE Just’s students

studied at the marine biological laboratory

studies the impact of radiation on developing embryos

was one of the first women of color to be involved in cell biology research plexiglass submarine

concern about which portion of the global oceanic conveyor belt has scientists contemplating the potential for a severe cooling event in northern Europe

The atlantic meridional oscillation

The challenger expedition

circumnavigated the globe

was the very earliest, dedicated oceanographic global expedition

produced many volumes of descriptions of marine life

Parts of the oceanic crust where new crust originates are known as

mid-oceanic ridges

this person or persons worked at Lamont-Doherty (columbia university) to establish the first detailed map if the ocean floor

Tharp and Heezen

Nekton

include larger fish and sea mammals

“Study nature not books”; is a famous phrase attributed to

Louis Agassiz

The term ‘sea surface anomaly’ refers to

in principle, any deviation form the average condition

You are on a beach in Namibia in the Southern Ocean, coast of Africa. A strong wind is blowing persistently toward the north. What phenomenon do you see?

upwelling

Indicate in order the relative degree of viscosity, from highest to lowest

glycerin, water, air

viscosity is equivalent to friction in the ‘dry world’

true

Reynolds number is the ratio between the inertial and viscous characteristics of an organism/environment

true

The lower the viscosity, the higher the Reynold’s Number

true

Mytilus and other bivalves generate steady currents that collect algae as food. what statement is correct?

the algae collected under low Re on the ciliated surface of the gill

Copepods usually swim relatively slowly but can swim really fast! Is it possible that they could cross the barrier from low to high Reynolds number?

yes because Reynolds number is dependent directly upon velocity

Consider a protected benthic environment where there is only EVER slow water movement. Benthic clams are taking in and expelling fluid as part of their feeding currents. In the near benthic environment, you would expect to see

laminar flow of the exhaled fluid flow

In the following equation for the force of drag on an object or organism moving through water, C = the coefficient of drag. What does the coefficient of drag derive from?

the shape of the structure

What do organisms do to protect themselves against strong fluid flow conditions?

bend with the direction of the current, grow strong but slim structures into or away from the current, and produce much stronger physical structure

Water flows into a pip with a cross-sectional area of 1 square meter at 1 m/s, but flows out of the pipe after it has been narrowed down to a cross-sectional area of ½ square meter. According to the principle of continuity, what is the rate of movement of water out of the pipe?

2 m/s

a succession series is typically described to consist of a konn series of collections of species occurring serially over time in a given location, eventually giving rise to a climax community (for instance, a beech forest). However, successions frequently vary. What can cause such variation?

positive feedback by a dominant species that is not effectively grazed, a storm, and a difficult colonizer arrives and interferes

You paint the underside of your boat to stop barnacles from attaching. Ecologically, what are you doing when you paint the underside of the boat?

preventing the establishment of early colonizers in a succession of sessile organisms

Species occurring relatively late in succession are

relatively poor colonizer

In a food web, plants or algae are also known as

primary producers

A marine predator

May decrease the number of species in a community

might under some circumstances maintain high diversity in a community

will inevitable drive to extinction the rarest prey species

and always will be rarer than all prey species

Prey having toxic chemicals are often brightly colored. Scientists think:

predators that have attacked a brightly colored, poisonous individual are likely to associate color with discomfort

Prey animals have inducible defenses

because there is a cost to making the defense, so the defense is best unused unless a predator is present

Diet breadth of a consumer will increase when

food abundance decreases

Poikilotherms

are conformers with regard to body temperature

At the southern extent of a poikilotherm species’ range

that species probably will reproduce in winter

Marine homeotherms have a problem in sea water because

they tend to lose heat to the water

Under conditions that are so cold that sea water may freeze, some fish may produce glycoproteins to lower the freezing point of sea water

true

Osmosis involves

the movement of pure water across a membrane in the direction of higher salt concentration

Why does osmosis occur?

nonbound, pure water moves down its concentration gradient

When salinity increases, sharks and coelocanths reacted by

regulating cell volume with urea

Damage to proteins caused by elevated temperature can be recognized by increases in

chaperone proteins

As oxygen concentration in sea water decreases

vertebrates may turn to glycolysis as an anaerobic pathway

anaerobic activity can release acids that break down the shell in bivalves

marsh bivalves might gape to capture oxygen

An animal with more food resources has improved scope for growth, and so overall improved viability, compared to an animal with a much smaller amount of food, when experiencing an elevated acclimation temperature

true

A population from a higher latitude of an intertidal rocky shore species

will have individuals, if transplanted to lower latitudes, that will function better deeper in the subtidal than higher in the intertidal

These very energetic fish have brain heater containing tissues with modified mitochondria

billfish such as sailfish and swordfish

This graph depicts the behavior of a leatherback turtle off the Bahamas one day in the summer when the surface water is 27C. what is likely to be true about the temperature experiences of this animal during the course of a day?

The animal experiences close to 27C and the animal experiences thermocline temperatures

Dolphins, turtles and tuna keep their core body warm by using countercurrent heat exchange

true

Aerobic scope is

indicated by the difference between maximal oxygen use versus basal oxygen use

What are metabolic advantages of poikilotherms in comparison to homeotherms?

ability to absorb heat from the environment to increase metabolic efficiency

This chaperone protein is much like a little two-sided barrel; the protein to be properly folded enters the barrel and ATP is expended to drive the folding reactions

Hsp60, or ‘chaperonin’

this fish, mentioned in class, is so used to living in constant, very cold conditions that it either has never evolved heat shock proteins, or has lost them

antarctic icefish

Larger animals use more oxygen. However, as body size increases, they use less oxygen as a function of mass

true

As hemoglobin in blood cells becomes acidified in the peripheral circulation, its affinity for oxygen becomes less; thus releasing oxygen into nearby oxygen depleted tissues

true

As oxygen decreases in given environment, those organisms that are strongly mobile are most likely to ‘vote with their fins’ and escape danger by moving out of the hypoxic region

true

Settling Larvae

can detect dissolved substances a few centimeters away and swim towards them as a settling cue

Protogynous sequential hermaphroditism may be favored because when large, the individual

can compete successfully against other males for mates

Bindin operates when

egg and sperm are in contact

Reproductive effort should increase when a population

is subjected to higher adult mortality