Endosymbiosis and Protist Diversity Overview

Endosymbiosis

Process reshaping eukaryotic diversity through engulfment.

Primary Endosymbiosis

Engulfment of cyanobacterium by host cell.

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryote.

Tertiary Endosymbiosis

Hosts acquire plastids from secondary plastid cells.

Zygotic Life Cycle

Haploid gametes fuse to form diploid zygote.

Sporic Life Cycle

Diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores via meiosis.

Gametic Life Cycle

Diploid cell produces haploid gametes through meiosis.

Protozoa

Heterotrophic protists that consume organic matter.

Algae

Autotrophic protists, including photosynthetic phytoplankton.

Fungus-like Protists

Heterotrophic absorptive organisms resembling fungi.

Planktonic

Organisms that swim or float in water.

Periphyton

Phytoplankton attached to surfaces.

Flagellates

Protists that swim using eukaryotic flagella.

Ciliates

Protists that use abundant, short cilia for movement.

Amoebae

Move using pseudopodia and protein slime.

Excavata

Supergroup characterized by a feeding groove.

Alveolata

Supergroup with sac-like vesicles (alveoli) in cells.

Stramenopila

Supergroup with flagella featuring straw-like hairs.

Rhizaria

Supergroup characterized by pseudopodia.

Amoebozoa

Supergroup of amoebae moving via pseudopodia.

Opisthokonta

Supergroup named for posterior flagellum on cells.

Phagotrophy

Heterotrophy through ingestion of particles.

Osmotrophy

Uptake of small organic molecules for nutrition.

Photoautotrophy

Photosynthetic nutrition using light energy.

Mixotrophy

Utilizes both autotrophy and heterotrophy based on conditions.

Extrusomes

Spear-shaped projectiles for defense against herbivores.

Bioluminescence

Light production to startle herbivores.

Toxins

Chemical defenses that inhibit animal physiology.

Slimy Mucilage

Defensive structure against herbivores and pathogens.

Asexual Reproduction

Rapid reproduction producing genetically identical offspring.

Cysts

Dormant structures with protective walls in protists.

Sexual Reproduction

Eukaryotic reproduction generating diverse genotypes.

Gametes

Reproductive cells involved in sexual reproduction.

Zygotes

Fertilized cells formed from gametes.

Biotechnology

Application of biological processes for practical uses.

Drug Production

Isolation of antibiotics from bacteria.

Antiviral Properties

Bacterial metabolites that inhibit viral activity.

Bioremediation

Use of prokaryotes to recycle nutrients.

Fecal Transplants

Transfer of gut microbiome from healthy to unhealthy host.

Lactobacillus

Bacterial genus used for treating vaginal conditions.

Defensive Molecules

Compounds produced by gut bacteria for protection.

Plant Evolution

Land plants evolved from green algae.

Key Adaptations

Features like seeds and flowers in plants.

Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants dominated by gametophytes.

Tracheophytes

Plants with vascular tissue.

Gymnosperms

Plants with naked seeds.

Angiosperms

Plants with flowers and fruits.

Microbiomes

Assemblages of microbes and their genes.

Amplicon Analysis

Method to amplify rRNA genes for species identification.

Diversity

Variety of microbial species in different environments.

Endosymbiosis

Process where host cells capture other cells.

Hologenome

Combined genomes of host and its microbiome.

Whole Metagenomic Sequencing (WMS)

Obtains base sequences of all DNA in a sample.

Metatranscriptome

Identifies genes being expressed in a microbiome.

Metaproteome

Examines all proteins produced by microbiome members.

Meta-metabolome

Collects data on metabolic molecules in microbiomes.

Microbiomes in Physical Systems

Found in oceans, ice, fresh waters, and soils.

Hologenome

Combined genomes of host and microbiome.

Microbiome Acquisition

Hosts acquire microbiomes from various sources.

Lichens

Microbiomes consisting of bacterial and fungal species.

Nitrogen Fixation

Legumes partner with bacteria for nitrogen conversion.

Mycorrhizae

Fungal hyphae that assist plant nutrient uptake.

Animal Microbiomes

Include diverse microorganisms affecting health and environment.

Human Microbiome

Estimated to contain millions of genes.

Defensive Molecules

Produced by gut bacteria to combat pathogens.

Microbiome Engineering

Manipulating microbiome composition to enhance host traits.

Fecal Transplants

Used to treat Clostridium difficile infections.

Probiotic Treatments

Utilizes Lactobacillus for health benefits.

Land Plants

Unique features include meristems and stomata.

Bryophytes

Nonvascular plants requiring moist habitats.

Tracheophytes

Vascular plants with specialized tissue.

Seedless Vascular Plants

Moisture-dependent reproduction with larger sporophytes.

Gymnosperms

Seed-bearing vascular plants including conifers.

Angiosperms

Produce flowers and seeds for reproduction.

Pollen Dispersal

Animals assist in the transfer of pollen.

Domestication

Artificial selection for traits in angiosperms.