Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

What is the ICF?

fluid inside cells

What is ECF?

fluid outside cells

What is determined by a fluid intake?

ingested food, drinking and food

What is metabolic water?

the product of a chemical reaction in the body

What is determined by fluid output?

expired air, sweat, cutaneous transpiration, feces, urinary obligatory/ facultative

What is urine obligatory?

urine produced in a day

What is urine faculative?

extra urine when you're hydrated

After drinking water what happens?

Cells swell(hypertonic) as they take in water, water moves into cell

After sweating what happens?

Water moves out of the cell, cells shrink(hypotonic)

Renin-Angiotensin System steps

1. JG apparatus detects low BP

JG apparatus releases renin.

Renin converts to angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

ACE converts angiotensin 1 to 2

Angiotensin 2 binds to?

Vasoconstriction, decreased GFR rate, drinking water, release aldosterone

Aldosterone steps

Angiotensin 2

Adrenal cortex releases aldosterone and binds to kidneys

ADH steps

Hypothalamus increases nerve signals to post pituitary to release ADH in blood

ADH does what?

vasoconstriction, thirst center activation, increase water reabsorption

ANP steps

High BP detected

1. Atria responds to stimuli and releases ANP

ANP does what?

vasodilation and decrease GFR rate

What is water intoxication?

when excess water in body cells swell

Infant dehydration

immature kidneys cant concentrate urine

greater fluid lost due to body size

Eldery dehydration

kidneys less effective with diluting urine

What is nonelectrolytes?

molecules that don't disassociate in a solution

What are electrolytes?

disassociate in a solution to form cations and anions

What cations are in the intracellular fluid?

K+ a lot inside cell, less on outside

What anions are in the ICF?

PO3-4 and proteins inside the cell

What is outside of the cell in Interstitual fluid?

NA+, Cl-, HCO3-

What is on the outside of blood plasma?

mostly Na+, Cl-, proteins(outside too)

What are ways we can balance sodium?

aldosterone, ANP, ADH

Aldosterone balances sodium by?

retains Na + and water

ADH balances sodium how?

retains water

What does ANP do with sodium balance?

increases extortion of Na+ and H20

How do we increase and decrease Na?

decrease: blood is watery

> water moves in

What are K+ ions required for?

neuromuscular activities and control heart rhythm

Potassium balance

heart can stop=too much K+, cardiac arrest respiratory distress

Diagram of Na

1. Sodium flows into cell.

2. calcium flows in cell(depolarization)

K+ flows out (repolarization)

Redistribution of K+

H+ in blood plasma, specific hormones in the blood, change blood plasma

Hyperkalemia/hypokalemia

high/low potassium

Increased H+ in ECF

H comes in, K+ leaves out

Hypernatremia/Hyponatremia

high/ low sodium levels

Hypercalcemia/ hypocalcemia

high/ low calcium

Hyperchloremia/hypochloremia

high/low calcium

What is a good pH balance

7(neutral)

What is an acid?

pH below 7,

what is determines a base?

high #s

What is HCI?

acid found in stomach lining

What is basic?

proton remover

What is alkaline?

ph of 8 and up

What is the pH formula?

-log[H+]

What's the normal range for pH?

7.35-7.45

What pH range is alkalosis?

below 7.35

What pH range is acidosis?

above 7.45

What can acidosis lead to?

coma and death

What can alkalosis lead to?

seizures and then death

Kidney buffer system

lasts for days, works within hours

Lung buffer system

Fastest, kicks within minutes

plasma buffer system

works within seconds