DAANCE Module 1-Basic Sciences (questions and verified answers)frequently most tested questions | already passed!!

neurons do what

conduct nerve impulses

what is the synapse

junction between two neurons

what makes up the central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

what three parts make up the brain

cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

what makes up the peripheral nervous system

sensory nerves and motor nerves

How many cranial nerves are there

12

what nerve is the trigeminal nerve

5

what parts does the trigeminal nerve control

supplies sensation to the teeth and jaw

what are the 2 components of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

what nervous system "speeds things up"

sympathetic

what nervous system "slows things down"

parasympathetic

what nervous system has terminations in all level of the heart

sympathetic nervous system

stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes what?

vasoconstriction in general and increases the heart rate

what nervous system is important in maintaining blood pressure

sympathetic

vasomotor is controlled by the

sympathetic nervous system

the vasomotor does what

controls the diameter of the blood vessels

baroreceptors regulate what function

blood pressure with positional changes

the sympathetic or adrenergic effects of the autonomic nervous system involve what

two effects A and B- these effect several tissues and organs

Alpha effect is what (only one alpha)

vasoconstriction

Beta effect is what( two beta categories)

seen in bigger organs, heart and lungs

Beta 1 activity is where

heart related functions- such as increased heart rate and strength of contraction

Beta 2 activity is where

pulmonary function of bronchiolar dilation (lungs)

Parasympathetic stimulation causes what

increased activity of digestive tract and stimulates production of saliva and pharyngeal secretions. (atropine or Robinul can counteract stimulations)

Automaticity

heart pumps on its own

Heart has four chamber- what are they

left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

Where does the left atrium receive blood from

from the lungs, via the pulmonary vein- oxygen rich blood

Where does the right atrium receive blood from

from the peripheral (body's) circulation and is oxygen poor

the ventricles receive blood from where

the atria

Ventricle anatomy

thicker walls

larger chambers

left ventricle is the thickest m.

Where does the right ventricle send blood

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Where does the left ventricle send blood

oxygenated blood to the body/ peripheral circulation

What are the three sources the right atrium receives blood

above: superior vena cava

below: inferior vena cava

inside the heart m.: coronary sinus

the blood in veins are considered what

oxygen poor

blood vessels leading AWAY from the heart are

arteries

blood vessels leading TO the heart are

veins

Flow of Blood through the heart

1. right atrium fills with blood

2. contracts- tricuspid valve

3. right ventricle fills with blood

4. contracts- closes tricuspid valve/opens pulmonary valve

5. blood goes through pulmonary artery to the lungs

6. pulmonary veins returns blood to left atrium

7. contracts-mitral valve

8. left ventricle fills with blood

9. Contracts- forces blood through aortic valve into aorta and then the peripheral circulation.

closure of the four valves prevents back flow. if valve is damaged then this will be a

heart murmur or mitral valve prolapse

most heart problems are because of

faulty or reduced coronary circulation- the hearts own circulatory system

reduced oxygen supply weakens the heart this condition is called

ischemia

what results from ischemia

angina pectoris- chest pain

poor circulation can also cause

myocardium infarction

arteries can either ________ or _________

vasodilation or vasoconstriction

diastolic phase is during what part of the blood flow

when the ventricles are relaxed

diastolic pressure measures what

the pressure in the arteries during the relaxation of the ventricles

systolic phase is what part of the blood flow

when the ventricles contract

systolic pressure measures what

the pressure in the arteries during the contraction of the ventricles

cardiac cycle

60-100 beats/minute

bradycardia

less than 60

tachycardia

greater than 100

sinoatrial node (SA)

located right atrium

pacemaker of the heart

rhythms caused by the SA node are called what

sinus rhythms

ectopic pacemakers occur when

when the SA node fails- they will be produced and take over as the pacemaker

the impulse from the SA Node travels to where

the atrioventricular node (AV)

after the AV node is stimulated where does the impulse go

bundle of His

where does the impulse go after the bundle of His

purkinje fiber system

the Purkinje system does what with the impulse

fibers that branch into the right and left ventricles and the ventricles will contract

does the AV node speeds up or slows down the impulse

slows down

Stroke Volume

60 mL of blood (30 mL = 1 oz)

amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one beat

cardiac output

total amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute

stroke volume x heart rate =________

cardiac output

P wave is what

atrial depolarization

QRS wave is what

ventricular contraction- ventricular depolarization

T wave is what

Ventricular repolarization

makes the ventricle muscle ready for a new contraction

QRS complexes can be counted to determine

heart rate

lingual artery supplies where

tongue and floor of mouth

facial artery supplies

the face- located behind mandible

inferior alveolar artery supplies

mandible and teeth

maxillary artery supplies

maxilla, sinuses, teeth, nose

important veins in antecubital space

cephalic, basiilic,

pharynx is located where

space between the nose and the trachea

three sections

three sections of the pharynx are what

1. nasopharynx

2. oropharynx

3. laryngopharynx

nasopharynx is located where

above the back of the soft palate

oropharynx is located where

lies between the soft palate and the epiglottis

laryngopharynx is located where

directly behind the larynx- voice box

epiglottis is what

soft tissue valve that covers the larynx. located at the base of the tongue

purpose of epiglottis

allow air in and out of the lungs- prevents food or liquids from entering the lungs.

closes the airway while swallowing

the lower airway is what

trachea

trachea is how large

12 cm in length

2.5 cm in diameter

trachea divides into what

right and left bronchi

bronchi branch out and become

bronchioles and then alveoli

how much RBC are in blood

(erythrocytes)

40 %

Hematocrit

percentage of blood volume made up of RBC

male 42-52%

female 37-48%

Hemoglobin

one protein globin

four non proteins heme

normal levels of hemoglobin

13-18 mL/dL males

12-16 mL/dL females

Anemia

decrease of the hemoglobin concentration

How much oxygen is connected to hemoglobin

1.34 mL

Dead Space

-area where gas will not be exchanged

-extends from the pharynx to the bronchioles

-area is 150 cc of volume space

tidal volume

amount of air inhaled and exhaled

-average 500 cc

-350 cc of air actually reached the alveoli

respiratory involuntary function due to

center located in medulla oblongata

Normal adult respiration

12- 16 respirations/min at rest