IB Psych Ch. 1-2

What do the 6 letters of TEACUP stand for?

T- Testable

E- Evidence

A- Applicable

C- Concept

U- Unbiased

P- Predictive, able to predict future behaviour

Correlation studies

investigates relationship between two variables; both variables must be expressed as numbers. But, it cannot prove causation.

Parent Population

Population from which samples are drawn.

Random Sample

everyone in the parent population has an equal chance of being selected for the experiment.

Stratified Sampling

a variation of random sampling; the population is divided into subgroups and weighted based on demographic characteristics of the national population

Qualitative Data

descriptive data

Quantitative Data

numerical data

Measures of Central Tendency

mean, median, mode

Measures of Dispersion

range, variance, standard deviation

Signifigance

If the results are due to chance, then they are not significant.

Confounding Variables: extraneous variables left uncontrolled, factors other than the IV influence the DV

What confounding variables need to be eliminated?

1. Experimenter variable

2. Situational variable

3. Participant variable

Demand Characteristics

those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects

Placebo Effect

The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

What are 3 examples of experimental design?

1. Independent sample design

2. Matched pair design

3. Repeated measures

Research Bias and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

1. Bias, unknown or acknowledged error

2. Self-fulfilling prophecy, the researcher subconsciously influences the behaviour of students

Reliability

a measure of consistency

Validity

measure of accuracy

Criterion Validity

the extent to which a measure is related to an outcome

Face Validity

Does it look like a good measure?

Independent variable

variable that is manipulated

Dependent variable

A variable that is affected by the independent variable

What is the general order of the scientific method?

1. Make an observation

2. Invent hypothesis

3. Test Hypothesis

4. Confirm Hypothesis (Test theory)

5. Pass or fall theory, and test another hypothesis if it fails

What 5 types of sampling are there? Recall what each sample takes from its population.

1. Random

2. Quota

3. Stratified

4. Snowball

5. Oppurtunity

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Controlled observation

Some control over variables takes place to observe how people may interact/behave. They take place inside and outside of a lab.