Aphg unit 3

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Alt Fact

a statement that can be proved to be false

Cultural homogenizarion

the process of reduction in cultural diversity through the diffusion of popular culture

Custom

The frequent repitition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act

Cyber espionage

The unauthorized and clandestine deployment of a virus to observe or destroy data in the computer systems of government agencies and large corporations

Fake news

a false report disseminated under the guise of authentic news report created to maliciously spread misinformation and mislead consumers of the content

Folk culture

culture traditionally practiced by small homogenous rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

Franchise

An agreement between a corporation and businesspeople to market that corporation’s products in a local area

Habit

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual

Malware (or malicious software)

Hostile or intrusive software designed to cause intentional harm

Popular culture

culture found in a large heterogenous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

Ransomware (or cryptoviral extrotion)

A form of malware that encrypts the victim’s files making them inaccessible until a ransom is paid to decrypt them

Taboo

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom

Terroir

The contribution of a location’s distinctive physcial features to the way food tastes

Trolling

The practice of posting delibertely inflammatory extraneous or off topic messages in social media in order to provoke quarrels or otherwise agitate people

global-local continuum

concept that what happens at a global level effects local (and vise versa)

cultural appropriation

process by which people adopt customs and knowledge from others to use

glocalization

people at a local place mediate and alter regional national and global process

ethnic neighborhood

neighborhood where a local culture practices customs

Creolization

the blending of two or more cultural elements into a new distint culture often seen in language or food

placelessness

the loss of a unique character of a place that looks like any other

cultural divergence

when a culture splits into different directions due to isolation, barriars or new influences

cultural relativism

the idea that beliefs and practices should be understood in the context of the culture they come from, not judged by outside standards

ethnocentrism

The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others

Culture convergence

tendency for cultures to become more alike over time

Multiculturalism

a society acceptance and promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single region or state

sequent occupense

the theory that a place is shaped by the layered impacts of different groups who lived there over time

African American Vernacular English

A dialect used by some African Americans

Centrifugal force

a cultural value that tends to pull people apart

Centripetal force

a cultural value that tends to unify people

Creole language

a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

Denglish

a combination of deutsch (the german word for german) and english

developing language

a language in daily use with a literary tradition that is not widely distributed

dialect

a regional variety of a language distringuished by vocab spelling and pronunciation

Dying language

a language used by older people but is not being transmitted to children

Endangered language

a language that children are no longer learning and its remaining speakers use it less frequently

Extinct language

a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used

Franglais

A combination of francais and anglais ( the french words for french and english)

Institutional language

a language used in education work mass media and government

Isogloss

A boundry that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

Isolated language

A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family

Language

A system of communication through speech movement sounds or symbols that a group of people understands to have the same meaning

Language branch

a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that can be confirmed through archaeological evidence

Language family

a collecction of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history

Language group

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display a relatviely few differences in grammar and vocabulary

Lingua franca

A language mutualy understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Literary tradition

A language that is written as well as spoken

logogram

a symbol that represents a word rather than a sound

mutual intelligibility

the ability of people communicating in two ways to readily understand each other withouth prior familiarity or special effort

official language

the language adopted for use by a government for the conduct of business and publication of documents

pidgin language

a form of language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca used for communications among speakers of two different languages

Received Pronunciation (RP)

The dialect of English commonly used by politicains broadcasters and actors in the UK

Spanglish

A combination of spanish and english spoken by hispanic americans

standard language

the form of a language used for official government business education and mass comunication

subdialect

a subdivision of a dialect

threatened language

a language used for face to face communication but is losing users

vigorous language

a language that is in daily use but that lacks a literary tradition

vulgar latin

a form of latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans as opposed to the standard dialect which was used for official documents

working language

a language that is used by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication for daily correspondence and conversation

Renfrew hypothesis

idea that language started with agriculture in the fertile crescent

conquest theory

proto-indo-european languages spread by invading horsemen to Europe

dispersal hypothesis

idea that proto indo european languages spread westward into europe

language divergence

new languages are created because spatial interaction separates people

language convergence

the collapsing of two languages into one from spatial interaction of people

proto-indo-european

idea of original ancestor language linking almost all world’s languages

agnosticism

the belief that the existence of god cannot be proven or disproven empirically

animism

the belief that objects such as plants and stones or natural events like thunderstorms and earthquakes have a discrete spirit and conscious life

atheism

the belief that god does not exist

autonomous religion

a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally

branch

a large and fundamental division within a religion

caste

the class or distinct hereditary order into which a hindu is assigned according to religous law

congregation

the local assembly of persons brought toegether for common religous worship

cosmogony

a set of beliefs concerning the origin of the universe

denomination

a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body

ethnic religion

a religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated

fundamentalism

literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religion branch, denomination, or congregation)

ghetto

during the middle ages a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social legal or economic discrimination

Hierarchical religion

a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control

lunar calendar

a calendar with months that coreespond to cycles of moon phases

lunisolar calendar

a calendar with lunar months that are brought into alignment with the solar year through some process

missionary

an individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion

monotheism

the doctrine of or belief in the existence of only one god

pilgrimage

a journey to a place considered sacred for religous purposes

polytheism

belief in or worship of more than one god

solar calendar

a calendar that relates to the season or the apparent position of the sun in relation to the stars

syncretic

combining several religous traidtions

Universalizing religion

a rleigion that attempts to appeal to all people not just those living in a particular location

utopian settlement

a community built around an ideal way of life often based on a religion

secularism

way of life informed by ethics and values that are not from religion

theocratic state

country where all government leaders have to belong to a certain religion

Cultural Ecology

The study of how humans adapt to and modify their environment and how the environment shapes cultural practices

Cultural Landscape

The visible effects of human activity on the environment, including buildings, farms, roads, and other alterations to the land.

Culture Realm

A large area made of multiple culture regions that share broad cultural patterns (like language families or major religions).

Culture Hearth

The place where a cultural trait or major culture originates and begins spreading outward.

Culture Region

An area where people share similar cultural traits or a common cultural identity.

Environmental Determinism

The outdated idea that the physical environment directly shapes human behavior and societal development.

Mentifact

An element of culture related to beliefs, values, and ideas (like religion or moral codes).

Sociofact

A cultural trait related to social structure or behavior—how people interact (like family patterns or political systems)

Multi-lingual

A country or region that uses more than one major language.

Diocese

A district under the authority of a bishop in certain Christian denominations such as roman catholic church

Interfaith Boundary

A boundary separating different world religions (ex: India’s Hindus vs. Pakistan’s Muslims).