Acids, Bases, Salts, Metals and Carbon Compounds Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive practice questions covering acids, bases, chemical reactions, salt production, metal properties, metallurgy, and carbon allotropes based on lecture notes.

What are the general physical properties of acids according to the transcript?

Usually sour in taste, turns blue litmus paper red, gives hydrogen ions ($H^+$) in solution, and has a $pH < 7$.

How is a base defined in terms of its taste, touch, and chemical behavior in solution?

Bitter in taste, soapy to touch, turns red litmus paper blue, gives hydroxyl ions ($OH^-$) in solution, and has a $pH > 7$.

What organic acids are found in vinegar and tomato respectively?

Vinegar contains Acetic acid and tomato contains Oxalic acid.

Which acid is present in ant stings and nettle stings?

Methanoic acid.

What is an olfactory indicator?

A chemical compound whose odour changes in acidic or basic medium, such as Vanilla, Onion, or Clove oil.

How do the synthetic indicators Phenolphthalein and Methyl Orange react in acidic solutions?

Phenolphthalein remains Colourless while Methyl Orange turns Red.

Describe the observation when an acid reacts with a metal.

The reaction produces Salt and Hydrogen Gas ($H_2$), which forms bubbles that ignite with a popping sound when a burning candle is nearby.

What occurs when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate?

The reaction produces Salt, Carbon Dioxide ($CO_2$), and Water ($H_2O$). The presence of $CO_2$ is confirmed when it turns Lime Water milky.

What is Neutralization?

A chemical reaction between an Acid and a Base that produces Salt and Water ($\text{Acid} + \text{Base} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + \text{Water}$).

What is the safety rule for the dilution of concentrated acids?

Always add ACID to WATER slowly with stirring because the process is highly exothermic; never add water to acid.

How are strong acids and weak acids differentiated by dissociation?

Strong acids dissociate completely (e.g., $HCl$), while weak acids dissociate partially (e.g., $CH_3COOH$).

What is the mathematical definition of $pH$?

$pH = -\text{log}[H^+]$ (Power of Hydrogen).

What is the remedy for stomach indigestion caused by excess hydrochloric acid?

Antacids, which are mild bases like Milk of Magnesia ($Mg(OH)_2$).

Describe the acidity or basicity of salts formed from different combinations of acids and bases.

Strong Acid + Strong Base = Neutral Salt ($pH = 7$); Strong Acid + Weak Base = Acidic Salt ($pH < 7$); Weak Acid + Strong Base = Basic Salt ($pH > 7$).

What is the chemical reaction and products of the Chlor-Alkali process?

$2NaCl(aq) + 2H_2O(l) \rightarrow 2NaOH(aq) + Cl_2(g) + H_2(g)$. It produces Chlorine gas at the anode, Hydrogen gas at the cathode, and Sodium Hydroxide near the cathode.

What is the chemical name and uses of Baking Soda?

Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate ($NaHCO_3$). It is used for making baking powder, as an antacid, and in soda-acid fire extinguishers.

What is the chemical formula for Washing Soda?

$Na_2CO_3 \times 10H_2O$ (Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate).

How is Bleaching Powder ($CaOCl_2$) produced?

By the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime ($Ca(OH)_2$).

What is Plaster of Paris (POP) and how is it produced?

Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate ($CaSO_4 \times \frac{1}{2}H_2O$), produced by heating Gypsum at $373 \text{ K}$. On mixing with water, it re-forms Gypsum ($CaSO_4 \times 2H_2O$).

What is water of crystallization?

The fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt, such as the 5 molecules in blue Hydrated Copper Sulphate ($CuSO_4 \times 5H_2O$).

What are the physical property exceptions for Iodine and Graphite?

Iodine is a non-metal but is Lustrous (shiny), and Graphite is a non-metal but is a Good Conductor of electricity.

What are Amphoteric Oxides?

Metal oxides that react with both acids and bases to produce salt and water, such as Aluminium Oxide ($Al_2O_3$) and Zinc Oxide ($ZnO$).

How does the reactivity of metals with water vary?

$K$ and $Na$ react violently with cold water; $Ca$ reacts mildly (floats); $Mg$ reacts only with hot water; $Al$, $Fe$, and $Zn$ react only with steam; and $Pb$, $Cu$, $Ag$, and $Au$ do not react.

Define Roasting and Calcination in metallurgy.

Roasting is heating sulphide ores in excess air to release $SO_2$; Calcination is heating carbonate ores in limited air to release $CO_2$. Both aim to convert ores to metal oxides.

Describe the composition of Brass and Bronze.

Brass is an alloy of Copper and Zinc ($Cu + Zn$); Bronze is an alloy of Copper and Tin ($Cu + Sn$).

What are Catenation and Tetravalency in Carbon?

Tetravalency is carbon's ability to bond with 4 other atoms; Catenation is its unique ability to form long chains, branches, and rings by bonding with other carbon atoms.

Compare the structures and properties of Diamond and Graphite.

Diamond has a rigid 3D network, is the hardest natural substance, and is a non-conductor. Graphite has hexagonal arrays in layers, is soft and slippery, and is a good conductor.

What is Fullerene ($C_{60}$)?

An allotrope of carbon with a structure resembling a geodesic dome (football shape) containing 60 carbon atoms, named after Buckminster Fuller.