Intro to Cell Life Exam 2

What does life require energy for?

growth, reproduction, and maintenance of homeostasis

What are the two metabolic pathways?

Anabolic and Catabolic

What does anabolic pathway do?

energy is used to build molecules

What does catabolic pathway do?

energy is released when molecules are broken down

What is energy?

ability to do work

What are the two kinds of energy?

kinetic and potential

What is kinetic energy?

energy associated with motion

What is potential energy?

energy associated with position

What does a chemical bond have?

potential energy

What holds a lot of potential energy?

ATP

What is chemical energy?

potential energy that exists in chemical bond

What are the two laws of thermodynamics?

1) energy can be transformed

2) some energy is lost

What is free energy?

energy difference that tells you if the reaction is spontaneous or not

How do you find the difference of energy?

G products - G reactants

What is an endergonic reaction?

requires energy output and is a positive number (products have more energy)

What is an exergonic reaction?

requires energy input and is a negative number (energy is released)

What is activation energy?

energy input required to reach transition stage

What reactions need activation energy?

all reactions

What is ATP?

Adenosine Triphosphate (nucleotide)

What is the product of the reactants: ATP + H2O?

ADP + Pi + free energy (exergonic)

What is the product of the reactants: ADP + Pi + free energy?

ATP + H2O (endergonic)

What is an enzyme?

macromolecules speed up reaction by lowering activation reaction

How many times can an enzyme be used?

it can be used over and over again

Does the difference of energy change when an enzyme is used?

difference of energy is not changed

What is an active site?

site where substrates bind to enzymes

What does enzyme activity mean?

number of reactions happening at a time

What happens when an enzyme is cold?

the activity becomes low because movement is slow (low energy)

What happens when an enzyme is hot?

enzyme unfolds (bonds broken)

What happens when an enzyme is at an optimal temperature?

there is a peak

What does saturation mean for enzyme functions?

reaction rate cannot change with more substrates even with all enzymes active

What is an enzyme inhibitor?

preventing function of enzymes

What are the two types of enzyme inhibitors?

competitive and noncompetitive

What does a competitive inhibitor do?

binds at the active site and blocks substrates from binding

What can overcome competitive inhibitors?

more substrates

What does a noncompetitive inhibitor do?

binds alternative site and changes active site shape

What is allosteric regulation?

regulator binds to an area that’s not an active site

What are the two kinds of allosteric regulation?

inhibition and activation

What does allosteric inhibition do?

stops enzyme function by changing active site shape

What does allosteric activation do?

helps enzyme function by fixing active site shape

What is feedback inhibition?

product of a metabolic pathway regulates its own further production

What is cellular respiration?

glucose (C6H12O6) + 6O2 = carbon dioxide (6CO2) + 6H2O + Energy (ATP & Heat)

What kind of process is cellular respiration?

metabolic process

What is oxidation?

lose an electron

What is reduction?

gain an electron

What is an oxidation reaction?

reactant = product + electron (exergonic)

What is a reduction reaction?

reactant = product (accepts electron which means charge goes down)

What is the reaction called when oxidation and reduction occur?

redox reaction

What happens during cellular respiration?

electrons removed from glucose is donated to electron carriers

What are the two electron carriers?

NAD+ (oxidized- lacking electron) and NADH (reduced- gained electron)

What is happening when NAD+ is turned into NADH?

reduction reaction

What is happening when NADH is turned into NAD+?

oxidation reaction

What are the three parts of cellular respiration?

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and citric acid cycle

What is the product of glycolysis and where is it at?

ATP and NADH in cytoplasm

What is the product of pyruvate oxidation and where is it at?

NADH in mitochondria

What is the product of citric acid cycle and where is it at?

ATP, NADH, FADH2 in mitochondria

What is the product of NADH and FADH2?

ATP

What is it called when NADH and FADH2 produces ATP?

oxidative phosphorylation

What happens during glycolysis?

glucose = 2 G3P = 2 pyruvate

What happens during glucose and 2 G3P in glycolysis?

energy investment (2 ATP = 2 ADP)

What happens between 2 G3P and 2 pyruvate in glycolysis?

energy payoff (+4 ATP +NADH)

What is the net product of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH

What is substrate level phosphorylation (SLP)?

single chemical reaction that releases enough energy to make ATP (ADP = ATP)

What happens during pyruvate oxidation?

2 pyruvates = 2 Acetyl CoA (2C)

What happens between 2 pyruvate and 2 Acetyl CoA (2C)?

2 redox reactions happen (2 NAD+ = 2 NADH), 2 CoA is added, and 2CO2 is produced

What is the net product of pyruvate oxidation?

2 NADH + 2 Acetyl CoA (2C)

What happens between 2 Acetyl CoA(2C) and 6CO2?

6 redox reactions = 6 NADH & 6CO2, 2 SLP = 2 ATP, 2FAD = 2FADH2

What is the net product of citric acid cycle?

6 NADH + 2 FADH2 +2 ATP + 4CO2

What is the overall net after glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and citric acid cycle?

6 ATP + 10 NADH + 2 FADH2

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation?

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Proton Motive Force (PMF) make ATP

What happens during ETC?

series of redox reactions happen in the inner mitochondria membrane that pumps out H+ in the cytoplasm

What pumps out more H+ plus during ETC?

NADH

What happens during PMF?

ATP synthase changes shape as H+ moves down concentration gradient & converts ADP to ATP

How much ATP is produced from glucose and oxygen?

32 ATP

What is fermentation?

pyruvate or derivative accepts electron (NADH to NAD+)

What are the two types of fermentation?

Alcohol and Lactic Acid

What is photosynthesis?

Energy (light) + 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Where does photosynthesis happen?

chloroplast

What part of photosynthesis is light dependent?

Energy + 6H2O + NADP+ = O2 + ATP + NADPH

What part of photosynthesis is light independent?

6CO2 + ATP + NADPH = C6H12O6

What are pigments?

proteins in the membrane that absorb light and reflect light

What is the product of 6H2O + light energy + NADP+?

6O2 + NAPH + ATP

How does 6H2O + light energy + NADP convert to 6O2 + NAPH + ATP?

Electron Transport Chain

Where is the electron transport chain for photosynthesis?

thylakoid membrane

What is photophosphorylation?

NADP+ to ATP

What is the calvin cycle?

6CO2 + ATP + NADPH = C6H12O6