AP Euro Unit 3 Enlightenment Quiz

Where is Prussia?

Modern-day East Germany.

Who ruled Prussia in the 15th and 16th centuries?

Electors - nobility from the HRE. Hohenzollern family, including Frederick Willian and Frederick the Great.

Who was the power center of the Germany states in the 15th and 16th centuries, and for 200 years after?

Prussia.

What was Prussia driven by?

Military strength.

Why was Frederick I titled “King of Prussia”?

For helping the HRE in the War of the Spanish Succession.

What was Frederick William I known for?

“The Soldiers’ King.” Eliminated the last of the local self-government in Prussia. An exceptionally loyal and obedient bureaucracy. 12th largest population in Europe, 4th largest army.

What modern-day country was Prussia like?

North Korea.

Who was Frederick William I’s son?

Frederick the Great?

What was Frederick William I’s relationship with Frederick the Great like?

Father/son. They did not get along at all.

Who were Frederick the Great’s companions?

His dogs.

What did Frederick the Great do as soon as he assumed the throne in Prussia?

Attacked Austria under Maria Theresa’s rule. Upset the Pragmatic Sanction. Seized the Austrian-Habsburg province of Silesia (part of modern-day Czechia). This started the War of Austrian Succession.

How did Frederick the Great rule?

He was a popular ruler in Prussia; he did good things for the country, the people just didn’t get a say in them. Enlightened absolutist monarch.

What did enlightened absolute monarchs believe?

The monarch should be the first servant of the state.

When did Habsburg power decline?

Following the 30 Years War and extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line.

Where did Habsburgs maintain power for a long time?

Austria, Bohemia, Hungary.

What did the Treaty of Utrecht do for the Habsburgs?

Gave them control of Naples, Sardinia, and Milan in Italy and the Spanish Netherlands.

What religion were the Habsburgs?

Catholic.

What was a Habsburg struggle?

Maintaining power over a widespread, diverse group of people.

What was the Pragmatic Sanction?

Created by Charles VI of the Austria Habsburgs to ensure his daughter, Maria Theresa, would have a peaceful reign. Makes a number of concessions on Austria’s behalf.

Why did Frederick the Great attacking Austria create a problem for all of Europe?

Disrupted the balance of power.

What was Frederick the Great’s name?

Frederick II.

Who did Maria Theresa go to first for help against Prussia?

Hungary, even though Hungary didn’t really like the Habsburgs.

What year did Prussia take Silesia?

1740.

Who aided Maria Theresa in the War of the Austrian Succession?

Hungary, Britain, and Russia.

What did Hungarian nobles shout for Maria Theresa?

“Our lives and blood for your majesty!”

Who was Francis Bacon?

English politician, scientist, and philosopher. Father of Empiricism. Laid the groundwork for the Scientific Method.

What is empiricism?

Leaning only comes from the senses.

What is epistemology?

Study of how we know things. Made up of empiricism and rationalism.

Where did Newton go to college?

University of Cambridge.

What math did Newton (possibly) invent?

Calculus.

What was Newton interested in later in life?

Philosophy and alchemy and how they related to a higher power.

What were Newton’s laws?

An object will remain in motion unless acted upon. Force = mass x acceleration. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Who was Robert Boyle?

An Irish scientist regarded as the 1st modern chemist. Best known for Boyle’s Law, describing the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas.

What was Copernicus’s profession?

First, a church lawyer. Then, a scientist.

What is Copernicus known for?

Proposing a heliocentric universe.

Why were Copernicus’s ideas rejected?

If the classical scholars were questioned, then all knowledge might be questioned.

What event made Tycho Brahe interested in astronomy?

A solar eclipse when he was 13.

What did the King of Denmark offer Brahe?

A personal island with an observatory.

If Brahe was poisoned, who did it?

HIs assistant, Johannes Kepler.

Who was Galileo?

An Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer.

What did Galileo pioneer in astronomy?

The use of the telescope for celestial observation.

What idea of Copernicus did Galileo support?

Heliocentrism.

What happened between Galileo and the Catholic Church?

Originally, the church supported Galileo, as his daughter was a nun. But some of his work seemed to attack the Pope and the Jesuits, so the Church attacked him and put him on trial.

What happened in the Trial of Galileo (1633)?

Galileo was brought before a church inquisition trial and found guilty of heresy. He was forced to publicly retract his views, but he still held onto them privately.

Did the Church ever change their mind on Galileo?

Yes, later Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI would say that Galileo’s science was correct.

What science is Galileo responsible for developing?

Modern astronomy.

What religious order educated Galileo?

The Jesuits.

What did Galileo first become famous for?

The Law of the Pendulum.

Who was Rene Descartes?

A French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.

What is Rene Descartes the father of?

Modern Western philosophy.

What did Descartes invent?

Potentially Calculus, but definitely the Cartesian Coordinate Plane.

What school of thought of epistemology does Descartes support?

Rationalism.

What did Descartes write?

The Meditations.

What was The Meditations about?

Asked “how can we be certain of anything?”

What was Descartes’ reasoning for knowing he was alive?

“I think, therefore I am.”

What example did Descartes use to show that even our senses can be doubted?

If you put a stick in water, it looks like it bends, but it feels like it doesn’t. Therefore, one of our senses is wrong.

What is one thing Descartes cannot doubt?

His own existence.

Who was Locke?

An English philosopher and political theorist.

What school of thought of epistemology did Locke support?

Empiricism.

Who did Locke’s ideas on government influence?

The Founding Fathers.

What are the three reasons Locke argues for religious tolerance?

Humans can’t evaluate what religion is correct. You can’t force someone to believe the same things as you. Forcing religion would cause chaos.

According to Locke, what is the aim of the state?

To maintain peace and provide liberty and security to the people.

According to Locke, why do people leave the state of nature?

For protection.

According to Locke, where do what we think and where do our ideas come from?

Our experiences and childhoods.

What is a Leviathan?

A big sea creature.

Who wrote The Leviathan?

Thomas Hobbes.

When was Hobbes writing?

After the English Civil War.

What was the major theme of The Leviathan?

Fear.

What were Hobbes’s ideas?

Life is nasty, brutish, and short in the state of nature. The state of nature is chaos. You should sacrifice some freedoms to avoid the chaos of the state of nature. Social contract theory of government. Laws should be enforced by the Leviathan. People do everything they do out of fear of consequences if they don’t.

What is "the “Divine Right of Kings”?

A blunt, simple, but highly effective theory stating that God chose kings and they should therefore be unquestioned and respected.

What does Hobbes fear about the “Social Contract” Theory of Government?

He feared it would encourage people to dispose of rulers when they were only a little unhappy.

How does Hobbes think that people should follow cruel dictators?

They should submit completely and only speak out if the ruler is going to kill them without reason.

How does Rousseau establish the state of nature in comparison to Hobbes?

Hobbes says that the state of nature is war. Rousseau says natural man is independent, solitary, and peaceful, and that people are better off without government in some ways. Rousseau says that having possessions is what leads to war and jealousy.

What did Rousseau write?

The Social Contract-1762.

What inspired The Social Contract?

The Age of Exploration and the native peoples without government and their view of land belonging to all.

What did The Social Contract say?

People should be able to make decisions and laws based on consent of the governed (the general will) by majority vote. It said to get rid of noble titles, because who’s to say that one’s birth determines how great they are in life? The concept of a man as the Noble Savage. (Native peoples live in purity, nobles do not).

What is a difference, according to Voltaire, about England and France?

England supported religious toleration, and growth in science. English was much more englightened.

What did Voltaire think about Newton?

He thought Newton was onto something, he just didn’t understand what Newton was preaching. He decided to popularize Newton.

Who was the most important philosophe?

Voltaire.

What is Voltaire’s most popular satire?

Candide.

Who wrote Letters on England?

Voltaire.

What did Letters on England say?

It was written with the purpose of showing the French how much more enlightened English were than the French. It promoted religious toleration.

Who was Emilie du Chalet?

Voltaire’s romantic partner (even though she had a husband) and writing partner. She was also his muse.

What religion was Voltaire?

He was a deist.

Who did Voltaire build on with religious ideas?

John Locke.

What religion did Voltaire criticize? Why?

Christianity because he thought the purpose of religion was to guide people to treat people better, but he believed that Christians didn’t practice their religion in that way.

What is a revealed religion?

A religion where God reveals something to the people. (ex. Judaism - the Ten Commandments.)

What was Voltaire’s view of rights?

Thought everyone should have freedom of thought, human rights, and freedom of speech, press, and religion.

What is specialization in work?

Having one person doing the same simple task, and that being their whole job. Each person has their own special task. Or this could apply to companies, as in each company has their own specific job.

How did Adam Smith defend consumer capitalism?

Luxury consumerism has a role to play in society. It allows societies to look out for their weakest members. It did better for the poor than societies that focus on the rich.