Microbiology Lecture Notes - Metabolism

Flashcards about Microbiology lecture notes focusing on metabolism, ATP, NADH, and cellular respiration.

How should you effectively use the study guides provided for the microbiology class?

Use the study guide to figure out what you don't know by reading through the questions and focusing on areas where you lack understanding.

In what format will the upcoming microbiology exam be?

It will consist of a combination of both multiple-choice and written answer questions, with roughly half the points allocated to each type.

What material will the upcoming microbiology exam be based on?

The material covered in lecture and homework assignments (pre-class work, homework, and quizzes) will be the basis for the lecture exam.

Between ADP and ATP, and NAD and NADH, which has more energy and why?

ATP has more energy due to the extra high energy phosphate bond, while NADH has more energy due to having more electrons.

Where does the energy come from to make the higher energy forms of ATP and NADH?

The energy comes from glucose or food in general, which provides the energy needed to build the extra phosphate bond in ATP or to have more electrons in NADH.

What is the role of ATP in the cell?

ATP is a short-term energy storage molecule that provides a small, easily accessible increment of energy for cellular processes.

What types of cellular processes require energy?

Synthesis reactions to build covalent bonds, metabolism, making proteins, and movement.

In a chemical reaction where ATP is produced, which has more stored energy: the organic molecule reactant or the modified organic molecule product?

The organic molecule on the reactant side has more stored energy because the energy to make ATP came from that molecule, reducing its energy content in the process.

In the reaction where ATP is converted to ADP and glucose is converted to glucose six phosphate, which molecule has more stored energy: glucose or glucose six phosphate?

Glucose six phosphate has more energy than glucose, as the energy from ATP is transferred to the glucose molecule to form glucose six phosphate.

Which has more energy, NAD or NADH, and why?

NADH has more energy because it has more high-energy electrons, which it gains from an organic molecule during a reduction reaction.

What is oxidation?

Loss of electrons

What is reduction?

Gain of electrons.

How does FAD function?

It acts as an electron carrier, picking up electrons from organic molecules and delivering them to the electron transport chain.

In the chemical reaction where isocitrate combines with NAD to make oxalosuccinate and NADH, which reactant is oxidized and which is reduced?

Isocitrate is oxidized to become oxalosuccinate, donating electrons to NAD, which is reduced to become NADH.

What is metabolism?

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell.

What is catabolism?

The process of breaking down complex molecules into smaller molecules, often releasing energy in the process.

What is anabolism?

The process of building smaller molecules into larger molecules, requiring the input of energy.

What are enzymes?

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze, or speed up, chemical reactions in the cell by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

What are the two ways that ATP is made during carbohydrate catabolism?

Directly from the breakdown of carbohydrates, powered by the covalent bonds in glucose, or through a series of electron transfers to NAD, the electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, ultimately producing ATP, powered by the electrons from the starting product.

Can other molecules besides carbohydrates be used to create energy?

Yes, other molecules like proteins and lipids can also be catabolized to make energy, feeding into the same sequence of chemical reactions at different points depending on their structure.

What are the two different types of carbohydrate catabolism discussed in the lecture?

Cellular respiration and fermentation.

What are the four steps of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

What are the steps of fermentation?

Glycolysis and fermentation.

How many carbons are in glucose?

Six

How many carbons are in pyruvate?

Three

In the energy investing stage of glycolysis, is glucose going to be high or low energy?

Is going to be lower.

In the energy investing stage of glycolysis, what does glucose turn into?

G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).

In the energy investing stage of glycolysis, is G3P going to be high or low energy?

Are going to be high