Exam 2 Bio

Subunit (monomer) of carbs

Subunit (monomer) of carbs

Monosaccharides (sugar)- one carbon chain

Subunit of proteins

Amino acids

Subunits of lipids

Glycerol/fatty acids

Subunits of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

Nucleotides

Carbohydrate

Nucleic Acid

Lipid

Amino acid

Function of monosaccharides

Quick energy + basic building block for all carbs

Function of disaccharides

Internal carb transport in plants + energy source like monosaccharides

Function of polysaccharides

Energy storage (plants-starch and animals-glycogen)

Structural (plants-cellulose (for cell wall) and animals(like insect shells)-chitin)

Unsaturated

Double bond creates bending

Saturated

All hydrogen filled in fatty acid

Triglycerides

3 fatty acids and glycerol

For energy storage

Phospholipid

Polar head, phosphate group, glycerol, 2 fatty acids

Form the fundamental structure of cell membranes by forming a bilayer

Function of proteins

Structural (keratin-hair)

Regulate body processes (enzymes-insulin-regulates glucose levels)

Transport materials (channel proteins in cell membrane)

How protein is synthesized

Amino acids are bonded dehydration synthesis and form peptide covalent bonds to create polypeptide, polypeptides fold into complex conformation to make protein

Hydrophobic amino acids are

Nonpolar

Hydrophilic amino acids are

Polar

Polar acidic amino acids are

Negatively charged

Polar basic amino acids are

Positively charged

Primary strucure is

AA connected through covalent peptide bonds in a chain

Secondary structure is

regions of localized folding formed by hydrogen bonds

Tertiary structure is

3D shape of polypeptides formed by side chain interaction

Quaternary structure is

Proteins with multiple subunits

Primary structure

Secondary structure

Tertiary structure

Quaternary structure

Traits of prokaryotic cells

No membrane bound organelles, DNA located in the cytoplasm (eukaryotes have them in nucleus)

Differences between plant and animal cells

Animals=centrosomes and lysosomes

Plants=cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, specialized plastids

Cytoplasm

fluid and organelles within plasma membrane

Cytosol

Fluid component

Nucleus

Stores DNA

Nuclear envelope

Double membrane

Nuclear pores

For ribosomes

Mitochondria

Produce ATP- double membrane

Has own DNA and ribosomes

Performs cellular respiration/breakdown of glucose

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

Has own DNA and ribosomes- double outer membrane

3rd membrane forms thylakoid stacks with stroma (fluid) around it

Chlorophyll

Green, light absorbing pigment

Chloroplasts and mitochondria both have…

Double membrane, free ribosomes, circular DNA, grow and reproduce semi-independently

Ribosomes

Read mRNA instructions and synthesize proteins

Made of ribosomal RNA and protein

Endomembrane system

Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions

Endomembrane consists of…

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

Rough ER

Synthesis and export of secretory proteins and glycoproteins

Protein folding

Smooth ER

Synthesize lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions

Golgi apparatus

Modifies products of ER, sorts and packages items into transport vesicles

Endosymbiotic theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from being seperate prokaryotic organisms

Components of cytoskeleton

Microtubule, Intermediate filament, Microfilament

Microtubules

Highway of cell, motor proteins use ATP to walk transport vesicles

Intermediate filaments

Only found in complex, multicellular organisms

Provide physical support and stability to cells

Microtubules (actin filaments)

Local roads of cell, motor proteins can travel on

Lysosomes

Organelles that break down molecules, recycling center

The purple thing in the center is

Nucleus

Mitchondria

Chloroplast

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi apparatus

Microtubules

Microfilament/actin

Intermediate filaments

Lysosomes

Vesicle

Purpose of plasma membrane

Provides protection for cell and a fixed environment inside cell

Transport nutrients in and toxins out

Purpose of cell wall

Provides strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress, allows for turgor pressure

First step for path of membrane protein

Protein is put into RER as ribosome makes it

Second step for path of membrane protein

Vesicle carries protein cargo from RER to Golgi where protein is modified

Third step for path of membrane protein

Vesicle carries protein cargo from Golgi to plasma membrane

Fourth step for path of membrane protein

Vesicle fuses to plasma membrane and the protein becomes a part of a membrane (secretory proteins are released through exocytosis)

-OH

Hydroxl, polar, in sugars and amino acids

CH3

Methyl, non polar, fatty acid chains

C=O/-CHO

Carbonyl, polar, sugars, amino acids, nucleotides

-COOH

Carboxyl, polar, amino acids and fatty acids

-NH2/-NH3+

Amino, polar, amino acids and nucleotides

-P

Phosphate, polar, nucleotides, proteins, phospholipids

Polar heads of lipids form what bonds with water

H-bonds

Unsaturation in membrane creates more

fluidity

Cholesterol makes lipid bilayers

less fluid, filling in the “gaps”

Molecules that can diffuse across membrane without protein-

Non-polar, H2O, some small polar

Molecules that need a protein to cross membrane-

Ions, most polar molecules

Energy is required to produce a chemical gradient, so

the chemical gradient is a form of stored energy

Channel proteins

Let solute cross membrane (H20 or ions) (passive, through diffusion down CG)

Passive/facilitated transport proteins

Allow small polar molecules to cross (passive, through diffusion down CG)

Active transporter proteins

Pump ions or polar molecules across (against CG, needs ATP)

Carrier proteins (must bind to cross)

Active transporters and passive/facilitated transporters

Proteins that move down the CG are

bidirectional

Voltage-gated ion channel

Open in response to change in voltage

Ligand-gated ion channel

Open in response to the binding of small chemical (ligand) to receptor

Mechanically-gated ion channel

Open in response to pressure

Examples of ion channels

Na+, K+

Active transporters are

unidirectional and specific + change in affinity

Example of passive transport protein

GLUT (glucose transporter)

Example of active transport protein

Na+/K+ pump

Really large molecules enter a cell through

Endocytosis (formation of vesicle)

Exocytosis

Exit of cell by vesicle binding to membrane

Primary active transport

Uses ATP

Secondary active transport

Uses electrochemical gradients

Activation energy

Required to begin reaction, slows down reactions