Campbell Biology 12th Edition- Chapter 4

Organic Chemistry

The study of compounds containing carbon

Valence

The number of covalent bonds an atom can form

Hydrocarbons

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Isomers

Compounds with the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures, hence different properties

Structural Isomers

Differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms, and also their location of their double bond

Cis-Trans Isomers

Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but atoms differ in spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds

Enantiomers

Isomers that are mirror images of each other and differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon ( the carbon with 4 bounds)

Functional Groups

Chemical groups that are directly involved in chemical reactions

Hydroxyl Group

Functional group that consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom

-Polar due to electronegative oxygen

-Forms hydrogen bonds with water helping dissolve compounds

Carbonyl group

Functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

- are an acid that can give H+

Carboxyl Group

Functional group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom

-Acts as an acid because of the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is polar

Amino Group

Functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

-Acts as a base because it can pick up an H+ from a solution

- helps with the linkage of amino acids to form proteins

Sulfhydryl Group

Functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom

-2 -SH groups can react forming a "cross link" that helps stabilize protein structure

- are polar

Phosphate Group

Functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms

-Contributes a negative charge earn its positioned inside a chain of phosphates (and 2- when it is added to the end)

-When attached, configures on a molecule the ability to react with water

- allows releasing of H +

Methyl Group

Functional group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms

-Affects the expression of genes when bonded to DNA or to proteins that bond to DNA

-Affects the shape and function of sex hormones

- can silence a gene

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

is an organic molecule composed of adenosine attached to a string of 3 phosphate groups. It stores the potential to react with water or other molecules to create energy

ADP

a molecule diphosphate that created due to the lost of a phosphate in ATP due to the interaction with H2O

trans isomer

has the arrangement of functional groups on opposite sides of each other

cis isomers

has the arrangement of functional groups on the same side of the double bond

organic

is a substance containing hydrocarbons

natural

is a substance that exists in or caused by nature

chemical

a compound or substance , especially pertains to molecular composition

what allows life on earth

carbon compounds

chemically reactive function groups

Every group except methyl

hydrophilic function groups

all but sulfhydryl

where are entiometers important

in the pharmaceutical industry because the enantiomers of a drug might not be equally as effective

major component of petroleum

hydrocarbons

why dont petroleum and fat dissolve in water

because they are hydrophobic compounds due to their non polar bounds

carbon skeleton

vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in close rings

4 bounded carbon shape

tetrahedron

double bounded carbon shape

plane