Chapter 5 & 6: Digestive

ingestion

food material taken into mouth

digestion

food is broken down, mechanically and chemically as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract

proteins breakdown into…

…amino acids

sugars breakdown into…

…glucose

fats breakdown into…

fatty acids and tryglycerides

small intestine

digested food passes into the bloodstream through lining cells of the…

where do nutrients travel to?

all cells of the body

what to cell burn to release the energy stored in food?

nutrients

in what form does our body eliminate solid waste materials that can’t be absorbed into bloodstream?

feces

what concentrates feces?

large intestine

where does the waste pass out of the body?

through the anus

chewing

masticating

mixing and lubrication of food with bodily secretions for forming what?

bolus (soft mass) of chewed food

where does the production of nutrients such as vitamin K and biotin come from?

symbiotic bacteria in intestines

anorexia

lack of appetite, very poor eating habits, and dangerous weight loss

where do the gastrointestinal tracts begin?

oral cavity

bucc/o

cheek

cheil/o, labi/o

lip

palat/o

hard palate

palat/o

soft palate

uvul/o

uvula

gloss/o, lingu/o

tongue

tonsill/o

tonsil

gingiv/o

gums

dent/I, odont/o

teeth

papillae

small, nipple-like elevations

rugae

small folds

dental caries

tooth decay

aphthous stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

herpetic stomatitis (cold sore)

inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpes virus (HSV-1); fluid filled blisters

oral leukoplakia

white plaques or patches in mouth, mainly due to tobacco use and they can become oral cancer

tonsillitis

infected and inflamed tonsils (lymphatic tissue in the back of the throat)

periodontal disease

inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone

salivary glands

paranoid, submandibular, sublingual

masticate

chew, movement of foods is mediated by peristalsis of muscular tubal structure

deglutition

swallowing

dysphagia

difficulty in swallowing or eating; affects 20-50% of patients with stroke

liver functions

helps maintain normal blood glucose levels, removes toxins and poisons from the blood, manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting and immune defense

what does the liver excrete?

bilirubin

jaundice

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes cause by high levels of bilirubin in the blood

kernicterus

when the level of bilirubin is very high, the substance will move out of the blood and collect in the brain tissue

new borns with Rh hemolytic disease are at high risk for…?

…jaundice

pancreas insulin:

endocrine function, bloodstream to cells

pancreas enzymes:

exocrine function, duodenum for digestion

#1 in food pathway

oral cavity (salivary glands)

#2 in food pathway

pharynx

#3 in food pathway

esophagus

#4 in food pathway

stomach

#5 in food pathway

duodenum (liver to gallbladder, pancreas) (small intestine)

#6 in food pathway

jejunum (small intestine)

#7 in food pathway

ileum (small intestine)

#8 in food pathway

cecum (large intestine)

#9 in food pathway

ascending colon (large intestine)

#10 in food pathway

transverse colon (large intestine)

#11 in food pathway

descending colon (large intestine)

#12 in food pathway

sigmoid colon (large intestine)

#13 in food pathway

rectum (large intestine)

#14 in food pathway

anus

what parts of the food pathway are involved in digestion?

gallbladder and duodenum

what parts of the food pathway are involved in nutrient absorption?

jejunum and ileum

water-soluble digested nutrients pass into bloodstream through walls of small intestine then to…

…hepatic portal vein empty into liver

lipid soluble nutrients are absorbed through intestinal lymphatic system into the…

…thoracic duct which empties into the bloodstream at the subclavian vein

achalasia

failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

symptoms of achalasia:

swallowing, regurgitation, and sometimes chest pain

esophageal varices

swollen, varicose veins at lower end of the esophagus

varix

twisted vein

when does esophageal varicose develop?

when normal blood flow to the liver is obstructed by scar tissue in the liver or a clot

atresia

esophagus abnormally ends in a blind-ended pouch

fistula

the abnormal tube connects two pipes

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

what causes GERD?

stomach acid coming up from the stomach into he esophagus causes heartburn and mucosal damage of esophagus

gastric carcinoma

malignant tumor of the stomach

factors correlated with gastric cancer

gastritis, nitrites, poor nutrition, genetic, poor sanitation, H. pylori, antibodies to parietal cells, resection of antrum

ileus

failure of peristalsis (but not mechanical obstructions) with resulting obstruction of the intestines

intussusception

telescoping of the intestine

intus

within

suscipere

to receive

volvulus

twisting of the intestines on itself

volvere

to roll

ischemia

loss of blood flow

Crohn’s disease

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

dysentary

gastroenteritis, with inflammation in intestines (especially of the colon), causing painful diarrhea with mucus, pus and blood

colonoscopy

thin, flexible lighted tube with small video camera is inserted through anus into rectum and colon

colonic polyposis

small clump of cells that forms on the lining of the colon and protrude form the mucous membrane

diverticulosis

abnormal side pockets (out touchings) in the intestinal muscular wall; more common in elderly with low fiber diet and constipation

devertere

to turn aside

hemorrhoids

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

what do hemorrhoids cause?

irregular bowel habits (constipation or diarrhea), lack of exercise, nutritional factors (low-fiber diets), increase intra-abdominal pressure, obesity and prolonged sitting

anal fistula

abnormal tube near anus

what are the result of anal fistulas?

infection in the anus; resulting in abscess that needs to be drained

where is bile made from and stored?

liver; gallbladder

steatorrhea

excretion of abnormally high quantities of fat with feces owing to reduced digestion or absorption of fat by the intestine

what are possible causes of steatorrhea?

lack of bile salts/juices (bc of liver damage), gallbladder removal, defects in pancreatic enzymes, certain medicines block fat absorption

melena (duodenum)

ages/decomposed blood

hematochezia (duodenum)

fresh-looking blood

hematochezia

bright fresh red blood in stool; due to bleeding in lower gastrointestinal tract

melena

passage of dark tarry stools containing decomposed blood; due to bleeding in upper part of the digestive system especially in esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

cholelithiasis

gallstones in the gallbladder

choledocholithiasis

gallstones in the common bile duct