Immunology (Bio C3)

Pathogen

An organism or particel which transfers disease from one organism to another and causes damage to its host

Infectious

A disease which may be trasmitted from one individual to another

Carrier

Shows no symptoms when infected but can pass the disease on to another

Endemic

A disease always present at low levels in an area

Epidemic

Significant and rapid increase in the number of cases of a disease, often associated with rapid spread

Pandemic

Rapid increase in the number of cases of a disease across a wide area (globally) affecting many people

Vaccine

Uses non- pathnogenic forms, products or antigens from micro- organisms to stimulate the immune response, which offers protection against any subsequent infections of that disease

Vector

A living organism which transfers a disease from one individual to another

Antibiotic

Substance produced by micro-organisms that affect the growth of other micro- organisms

Antibiotic Resistance

When a micro- organism that should be affected by an antibiotic is no longer susceptible to it

Antigen

A protein that is recognised as non- self a d stimulates an immune response

Antibody

A protein produced by the humoral immune response, recognises and neutralises antigens

Toxin

A chemical produced by a micro- organism, which causes damage to it's host

Antigenic Type

Organisms are classified according to their surface proteins, this means infections can be traced

Antigenic Drift

Small changes that occur in the surface proteins of viruses, this means that memory cells can no longer recognise the pathogen, therefore there is no secondary immune response

Bactericidal Antibiotic

Antibiotic that kills bacteria

Bacteriostatic Antibitoic

Antibiotic that inhibit bacterial replication or growth

Broad Spectrum Antibiotic

Can be used to treat both Gram positive and Gram Negative bacterial infections

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

Can only act on some bacterial infections

Disease Reservoir

Long- term host of a pathogen that cases an infectious disease

Lymphocyte

An agranulocyte, white blood cell produced from stem cells that forms part of the immune response

Natural Skin Flora

Prevent pathnogenic bacteria colonising the skin's surface by outcompeting them

Skin and Connective Tissue

A tough, physical barrier to the bacteria

Phagocytosis

Phagocytes engulf pathogens and destroy them

Clotting

Platelets and clotting factors cause blood to clot in damaged blood vessels to prevent bleeding and the entrance of pathogens into the would

Lysozyme

An enzyme that kills bacteria a d is found in the tears, saliva and mucus

Ciliated epithelium

Mucous membranes trap microbes from inhaled air

Localised inflammation

Phagocytes move to an area of infection to destroy pathogens and damaged cells

Cholera's pathnogenic type

Gram negative bacterium

Turberculosis pathnogenic type

Bacterium

Smallpox pathnogenic type

Virus

Influenza pathnogenic type

Virus

Malaria pathnogenic type

Protoctista

Pathnogenicity

The capacity of a microbe to cause disease

Lysogenic Cycle

The virus DNA is replicated when the cell's DNA is replicated

Lytic Cycle

The virus DNA is used to code for the production of new virus particles, using the cell's metabolism, the cell then undergoes lysis, releasing these virus particels around the body