Treatment and Prognosis of Cancer

Annual Pap Smears

________ are used to diagnose cervical cancer in the Tis stage which has an amazing prognosis and an easy treatment (freeze the cells)

Dukes classification

________: replaced by TMN and used for colon cancer.

Specialty staging and grading systems

________ are used for specific cancer types.

Cancer

________ is clinically classified based on its histological appearance, tumor size, and metastasis.

Viral DNA

________ is introduced into host cells.

Gleeson system

The ________ uses a 1- 5 and averages the score based on the top 2 predominant patterns.

situ

In ________, the tumor is noninvasive and confined to the epithelium.

Carcinogenesis

________ is usually caused by changes to the genome of a cell (how they form)

histologic evaluation

Grading: a(n) ________ based on the degree of cellular differentiation.

Malignant tumors

________ tend to have more mutations.

Aflatoxin

________ (B1) from aspergillus flavus (mold)- hepatocellular carcinoma.

basement membrane

It is superficial and is above the ________.

primary organ site

The tumor is small, minimally invasive within the ________.

tumor

The ________ is larger and /or more invasive but the border is beyond the margins of the primary organ site.

Ann Arbor System

________: used to stage /grade Hodkins disease and non- Hodkin lymphomas based on behavior.

Percivalli Pott

________ wrote "The Chirugical Works "on the chimney sweepers cancer.

Genes

________ are damaged or mutated so that they cause cancer.

Carcinogenesis

________: the initiation of cancer formation.

primary organ site

The tumor is larger or more invasive but still within the ________.

Grading

a histologic evaluation based on the degree of cellular differentiation

Staging

is based on the size of cancer, if it invades other tissues, and metastasis

Dukes classification

replaced by TMN and used for colon cancer

Ann Arbor System

used to stage/grade Hodkins disease and non-Hodkin lymphomas based on behavior

Carcinogenesis

the initiation of cancer formation

Asbestos

cancer of the lung and mesothelioma

Arsenic

skin, hemangiosarcomas

Benzene

leukemia

Vinyl Chloride

angiosarcoma, liver

Benzopyrene

scrotal (Potts cancer), bladder, lung cancer (smoking)

UV light

skin cancer

Ionizing radiation

leukemias, lung, osteosarcoma (Radium watch-dial workers)

Thyroid radiation

thyroid

HPV

cervical

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

Burkitts lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal CA

Aflatoxin (B1) from aspergillus flavus (mold)

hepatocellular carcinoma

Grade I

Well differentiated (looks normal)(great prognosis)

Grade II

Moderately differentiated, the cells start to look atypical

Grade III

Poorly differentiated, cell type is hard to recognize

Grade IV

Nearly Aplastic, the cells look completely different

Tis

in situ, the tumor is noninvasive and confined to the epithelium. It is superficial and above the basement membrane.

T1

the tumor is small and minimally invasive within the primary organ site

T2

the tumor is larger or more invasive but still within the primary organ site

T3

the tumor is larger and/or more invasive but the border is beyond the margins of the primary organ site

T4

Very large and/or very invasive and has spread to adjacent organs

N0

There is no lymph node involvement

N1

There is regional lymph node involvement (common in breast cancer)

N2

There is extensive lymph node involvement

M0

No distant metastasis

M1

Distant metastasis present

N3

Distant lymph node involvement