Chapter 6 Memory Bank

c

speed of light

λ

wavelength

ν

frequency

E

energy

h

Planck's constant

light equation

c = λν

photon-energy equation

E = hν

energy-wavelength equation

E = hc/λ

speed of light constant

c = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s

Planck's constant

h = 6.63 x 10^-34 J·s

nanometer conversion

1 nm = 10^-9 m

micrometer conversion

1 μm = 10^-6 m

hydrogen energy-level equation

E_n = -(2.18 x 10^-18 J)/n^2

hydrogen energy change

ΔE = E_final - E_initial

electron moves up in n

absorbs energy; ΔE is positive

electron moves down in n

emits energy; ΔE is negative

wavelength from emitted or absorbed energy

λ = hc/|ΔE|

s subshell

l = 0; 1 orbital; 2 e^-

p subshell

l = 1; 3 orbitals; 6 e^-

d subshell

l = 2; 5 orbitals; 10 e^-

f subshell

l = 3; 7 orbitals; 14 e^-

m_l

every integer from -l through +l

m_s

+1/2 or -1/2

number of orbitals in a subshell

2l + 1

electron-filling order through 4p

1s -> 2s -> 2p -> 3s -> 3p -> 4s -> 3d -> 4p

Hund's rule

fill equal-energy orbitals singly before pairing

cation (+)

loses electrons

anion (-)

gains electrons

noble-gas shorthand

replace the completed inner configuration with the previous noble gas in brackets

chromium electron-configuration exception

[Ar] 3d^5 4s^1