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trading post empire
An empire built on a network of trading posts controlling key trade routes instead of large territories.
mercantilism
Economic theory emphasizing national wealth through exports over imports, requiring heavy government intervention.
Manila
Spanish colonial city in the Philippines, pivotal for trans-Pacific trade, particularly in silver and spices.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese prince who significantly advanced maritime exploration by sponsoring expeditions along the African coast.
Christopher Columbus
Explorer credited with the 1492 discovery of the Americas, representing the start of widespread European exploration.
Bartholomew Diaz
Portuguese explorer who first rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, opening sea routes to the East.
Vasco Da Gama
First European to reach India by sea, establishing direct trade routes in 1498.
Ferdinand Magellan
Explorer who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, demonstrating the world's vastness.
northwest passage
A sought-after maritime route through North America to Asia, pursued by several explorers but ultimately not found.
Quebec
First permanent French settlement in North America, established as a fur trading post in the early 17th century.
Jamestown
The first successful English colony in the Americas, founded in 1607 in Virginia.
New Amsterdam
Dutch settlement on the island of Manhattan, which became a major trade hub before being taken by the English
smallpox
A deadly disease introduced to the Americas by Europeans that caused widespread mortality among indigenous populations.
conquistadores
Spanish explorers and conquerors who led expeditions to conquer indigenous lands in the Americas for Spain.
Columbian Exchange
The extensive transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between the Americas and the Eastern Hemisphere following European exploration.
transatlantic slave trade
The brutal trade network that forcibly transported millions of Africans to the Americas for slave labor.
engenhos
Large-scale sugar plantations in Portuguese Brazil, central to the economy and reliant on enslaved labor for production.
cash crop
Agricultural products grown primarily for profit, significantly shaping economies in the Americas and Europe.
African Diaspora
The dispersal and cultural blending of African peoples as a result of slavery in the Americas, leading to significant cultural impacts
Asante Empire
West African kingdom known for its wealth and centralization in the 18th century.
Aztec Empire
Mesoamerican civilization known for its urban centers, tribute system, and eventual conquest by Spain.
Inca Empire
South American empire noted for its vast territories, advanced engineering, and fall to Spanish conquistadors.
Mexico City
Capital of New Spain, built on the ruins of Tenochtitlán after the Spanish conquest.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Inca Empire in the 16th century.
Atahualpa
Last emperor of the Inca Empire, captured and executed by Pizarro's forces.
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494 agreement dividing newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.
Hispaniola
Caribbean island colonized by Spain, home to the first European settlement in the Americas.
Conquistadores
Spanish explorers and conquerors who led expeditions in the Americas to claim territories.
Mercantilism
Economic theory that promoted government regulation of a nation's economy for augmenting state power.
Indentured Servitude
Labor system where individuals contracted to work for a fixed term in exchange for passage.
Chattel Slavery
System where individuals were considered property, bought and sold as commodities.
Encomienda
Labor system instituted by the Spanish crown, allowing colonists to demand labor from indigenous peoples.
Mit’a System
Incan labor tax system adapted by the Spanish to demand labor for mining and agriculture.
Middle Passage
The horrific voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas
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