Laboratory Techniques in Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry

Bunsen burner

A gas burner used for heating substances.

pH measurement

Determining acidity or basicity of a solution.

Litmus paper

Indicator paper for testing pH levels.

Graduated cylinder

Measuring cylinder for precise liquid volumes.

Erlenmeyer flask

Flask with a tapered neck for mixing solutions.

Beaker

Container for mixing and heating liquids.

Triple beam balance

Device for measuring mass with three beams.

Top loading balance

Scale for weighing samples from above.

Analytical balance

High precision scale for measuring small masses.

Hot plate

Heating device for laboratory use.

Wire gauze

Support for containers over a flame.

Thermometer

Instrument for measuring temperature.

Crushed ice

Used for cooling reactions or samples.

Watch glass

Used for holding small amounts of substances.

Dropper

Tool for dispensing small liquid volumes.

Rubber tubing

Flexible tube for gas or liquid transfer.

Match or lighter

Ignition source for the Bunsen burner.

Test tube holder

Device for holding test tubes securely.

Laboratory measurements

Quantitative assessments of physical properties.

Chemical reactions

Processes where substances transform into new products.

Melting point

Temperature at which a solid becomes liquid.

Boiling point

Temperature at which a liquid becomes vapor.

Gas Control Valve

Regulates gas flow to the burner.

Air Vents

Controls air supply for combustion efficiency.

Rubber Tubing

Connects gas inlet to main gas valve.

Main Gas Valve

Primary control for gas supply to burner.

Counterclockwise

Direction to open the gas control valve.

Hiss of Gas

Sound indicating gas flow from burner.

Lighted Match

Used to ignite gas at burner.

Flame Color

Indicates combustion efficiency and air supply.

Test Tube Holder

Safely holds test tube near flame.

Flame Size Adjustment

Controlled by gas control valve position.

Air Vent Adjustment

Modifies flame characteristics by changing airflow.

3-4 Inches High Flame

Desired flame height for optimal burning.

Inner Core of Blue

Indicates complete combustion and proper air mix.

Too Much Air

Can extinguish the flame; close gas valve.

Too Much Gas Pressure

Causes roaring flame; reduce gas flow.

Flashback

Flame at burner base; indicates danger.

Observation Sheet

Records experimental results and observations.

Graduated Cylinder

Measures liquid volume accurately in mL.

Volume Conversion

Convert mL measurement to Liters.

Error Calculation

Determines accuracy of volume measurements.

Percent Error Formula

% Error = (Measured - True) / True x 100.

Graduated Cylinder

Glassware for precise liquid measurement.

Erlenmeyer Flask

Used for mixing and heating liquids.

Beaker

Container for holding and mixing liquids.

Observation Sheet

Document for recording experimental results.

Documentation Sheet

Holds pictures and outputs from experiments.

One Peso Coin

Object used for mass measurement comparison.

Top-Loading Balance

Balance for quick mass measurements.

Analytical Balance

Highly precise balance for small mass measurements.

Weighing Method

Technique to determine mass of objects.

TARE Button

Resets balance to zero before weighing.

Buoyancy Effects

Causes inaccuracies in weight measurements.

Leveling Foot

Adjusts balance to ensure level surface.

Area Calculation

Formula: Area = length x width.

Measurement Conversion

Changing units from cm to mm or m.

Precision Check

Rechecking measurements for accuracy.

Glass Container

Used to hold substances on balance.

Weighing Paper

Protective paper for weighing chemicals.

Chemical Spills

Need immediate cleanup to protect equipment.

Pointer Swing

Indicates balance accuracy during measurement.

Weight Notch

Position where weights are placed on balance.

Measurement Recording

Documenting results in the observation sheet.

Thermometer

Instrument for measuring temperature accurately.

Room Temperature

Typical ambient temperature, around 20-25°C.

Boiling Water

Water at 100°C under standard atmospheric pressure.

Ice Water

Mixture of ice and water at 0°C.

Caution

Warning about handling hazardous materials safely.

Mercury Thermometer

Thermometer using mercury, toxic if broken.

Temperature Conversion

Changing temperature units between °C, °F, and K.

Conversion Formula

Mathematical equations to convert temperature units.

pH Checking

Process to determine acidity or alkalinity of solutions.

Solution A

First unknown solution for pH testing.

Solution B

Second unknown solution for pH testing.

Gas Burner

Device used to produce a flame for heating.

Air Vents

Adjustable openings to control air supply in burner.

Flame Size

Determined by gas flow and air mixture.

Test Tube

Glass container used for holding liquids.

Documentation Sheet

Final compilation of experimental outputs and images.

Watch Glass

Shallow dish used for holding small amounts.

Crushed Ice

Ice broken into small pieces for experiments.

Graduated Cylinder

Used for measuring liquid volume accurately.

Beaker

Used for holding and mixing liquids.

Volume Error Calculation

Difference between measured and actual volume.

Error in Volume Formula

% Error = (Error in volume / Volume by graduated cylinder) x 100.

Triple Beam Balance

Used for measuring mass with three beams.

Top Loading Balance

Used for quick mass measurements.

Length Measurement

Determining the distance between two points.

Area Calculation

Area = length x width.

Room Temperature

Typical indoor temperature, around 20-22°C.

Boiling Water Temperature

Water boils at 100°C at sea level.

Ice Water Temperature

Temperature of ice water is 0°C.

pH Testing

Determining acidity or alkalinity of solutions.

Acidic Solution

Solution with pH less than 7.

Basic Solution

Solution with pH greater than 7.

Volume Measurement Units

Commonly measured in mL and L.

Mass Measurement Units

Commonly measured in g and mg.

Length Measurement Units

Commonly measured in cm, mm, and m.

Temperature Measurement Units

Measured in °C, °F, and K.