Unit 6: Pancreas, Liver, and Gall Bladder (Module 3)

insulin and glucagon

the endocrine cells in the pancreas release

digestion

the exocrine function of the pancreas is involved in

acini

clusters that produce and secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum

H2O, HCO₃^-, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, and trypsinogen

list everything found in pancreatic juice

sphincter of Oddi

relaxes to allow juices into the duodenum; is closed unless digestion is occuring

accessory duct

passage if the common bile duct became blocked

excite; cephalic and gastric

parasympathetic impulses ___ the pancreas to increase secretions during the ______ phases

secretin

this excites the pancreas to increase the secretion of HCO₃^- in response to low pH

CCK

excites the pancreas to increase secretions of digestive enzymes in response to fatty acids and amino acids

pancreas, stomach, liver, gall bladder

what organs are affected by CCK?

1. parasympathetic impulses

2. secretin

3. CCK

3 most important things in the stimulation of pancreatic secretions

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

the liver receives blood from these two vessels

O2 rich blood

what does the hepatic artery carry?

nutrients, drugs, and toxins

what does the hepatic portal vein carry to the liver?

lobules

where the blood supply to the liver is taken; made p of collections of hepatocytes; take up nutrients and toxins in blood

sinusoids

the hepatic portal vein branches into enlarged capillaries called _____

Kupffer cells

cells within the sinusoids that destroy old RBC, WBC and foreign cells

central vein; hepatic vein

sinusoids flow into the ______ of the lobules that then collect to form the ______

bile

what do hepatocytes produce?

bile canaliculi → bile ducts → left and right hepatic ducts → common hepatic duct (merges with cystic duct) → common bile duct

flow of bile from the bile cnaliculi to the common bile duct.

gallbladder

where is bile stored?

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile ducts

what are the three parts of the portal triad in the liver?

bile salts (Na, HCO3, K), cholesterol, lecithin, bilirubin

what is bile made of?

emulsify fats

what is the purpose of bile?

parasympathetic impulses and CCK

excretion of bile is stimulated by…

jaundice

yellow coloring in the sclera and of the skin due to a backup of bilirubin

improper functioning of liver enzymes and gall stones

common causes of jaundice

gall stones

usually due to excess cholesterol that precipitates out to form these; blocks drainage

lithotripsy or cholecystectomy

two treatments for gall stones

lithotripsy

crushing of gall stones with sound waves

cholecystectomy

removal of the gallbladder