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Genetics
The science of hereditary.
Allele
This is an alternative form of a single gene passed down from generation to generation
I.e Ff
Dominant
This allele
Appears in a homozygous dominant genotype (FF) and a heterozygous genotype(Ff)
Is typically expressed using capital letters (F)
Overshadows a recessive gene in the phenotype
Recessive
The small letter (aa). That will only appear in a homozygous recessive genotype.
Homozygous
An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait (YY/ yy)
Heterozygous
An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait (eg Yy)
Phentoype
The observable characteristic or outward expression of an allele pair. (eg green eyes)
Law of segregation
The two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis.
Hybrids
Heterozygous organism that are formed by breeding two species together (YY yellow peas + yy green peas = Yy yellow peas with green trait.)
Law of independent assortment
A random distribution of alleles occur during gamete formation.
Genetic recombination
The combination of genes produced by crossing over and indpendent assortment.
Polypoidy
The occurence of one/more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism.
Selective breeding
The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations.
In breeding
The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations.
Hybridization
Crossing parent organisms with different forms of a trait to produce offspring with specific desired traits. Such traits include disease resistance or faster growth periods.
Test cross
Involves breeding an organism that has an unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait. If the unknown genotype is dominant all offspring will present the dominant phenotype. If it is recessive half will have the recessive phenotype and half the dominant phenotype.
Carrier
An individual who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder.
Pedigree
A diagram that traces the inheritance of a particular trait through several generations.
Incomplete dominance
The heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes.
Codominance
Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition
Multiple alleles
Some forms of inheritance that are determined by more than two alleles.
Epistasis
This is an interaction in which one allele hides the effect of another allele.
Sex linked traits
Traits controlled by genes located on the X chromosome.
Polygenic traits
Phenotypic traits that arise from the interaction of multiple pairs of genes. Examples of these include skin colour, height, eye colour, and fingerprint pattern.