Module 2.2 - Elimination, Bowel, and Urination

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Last updated 2:02 PM on 9/11/26
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9 Terms

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GI Tract

  • Mouth

  • Esophagus

  • Stomach

  • Small Intestine

  • Large Intestine

  • Anus and Rectum


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Process of Defecation

  • Distension relaxes the internal anal sphincter and signals an awareness of the need to defecate.

  • Defecation - the external sphincter relaxes and abdominal muscles contract to force the stool out.

  • Most effective position:

    • Knees higher than hips.

    • Lean forward and put elbows on your knees.

    • Bulge out your abdomen and straighten your spine.


<ul><li><p>Distension relaxes the internal anal sphincter and signals an awareness of the need to defecate.</p></li><li><p>Defecation - the external sphincter relaxes and abdominal muscles contract to force the stool out.</p></li><li><p>Most effective position:</p><ul><li><p>Knees higher than hips.</p></li><li><p>Lean forward and put elbows on your knees.</p></li><li><p>Bulge out your abdomen and straighten your spine.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Factors Affecting Bowel Elimination

  1. Diet

  2. Fluid intake

  3. Physical activity

  4. Peronal bowel elimination habits

  5. Privacy

  6. Age-related changes

  7. IBD and IBS

  8. Infections, illness, surgery, and anaesthesia

  9. Medications affecting elimination


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Stool Sample Collection

Collected to find and diagnose the cause of GI ilnness.

Screening for occult blood and identification of parasites and bacteria.

Do not mix with urine.

May need to be taken to the lab immediately or refrigerated.

Label with patient identifiers and seal.

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Types of Ostomies

Ileostomy

  • Entire large intestine removed. Illeum of small bowel brought through the abdominal wall to the surface of the skin.

Ascending Colostomy

  • Done for right-sided tumors.

Descending Colostomy

  • Done for left-sided tumors.

Trasnverse (Double-Barrel) Colostomy

  • Often used in emergencies such as intestinal obstruction or perforation. There are two stomas; the proximal one drains feces, the distal one drains mucus.

Signmoid Colostomy

  • Done for rectal tumors.


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Ostomy Assessment

Assess Stoma:

  • Colour

  • Edema

  • Bleeding

  • Sutures (dissolvable)

Assess and protect peristomal skin.

Characteristics and amount of effluent.

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Ostomy Complications

  1. Retraction

  2. Peristomal hernia

  3. Prolapse

  4. Necrosis

  5. Peristomal skin issues


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Routine Urinalysis Normal Values

No

  • Glucose

  • Ketones

  • Bacteria

  • Casts

Little

  • Protein (or none)

  • WBCs


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Catheter Care

Perineal hygiene at least twice daily after a bowel movement or with a buildup of secretions at the insertion site.

Soap and water/skin cleansers reduce microorganisms around the urethra and maintain skin health and comfort.

Start at the urethral meatus (clean to dirty). Assess urethral meatus and surrounding tissue for inflammation, swelling, and discharge.

Accidental advancement of the catheter upward into the bladder during cleaning risks introducing bacteria into the bladder.