Human Development #3 (copy)

What is a Zygote

• fertilized egg cell 

• A combination of the DNA in each gamete 

• and contains all of the genetic information in the new individual 

True or False: A zygote forms when the female gamete (egg, or ovum) and a male gamete (sperm), join together

True

Which one of these statements is true:

A) It contains all of the genetic material from both of the gametes

B) does not contain the genetic information

C) Takes four months for the Zygote to form after conception

D) None of the above

A) It contains all of the genetic material from both of the gametes

What period come first?

A) Fetal period

B) Embryo period

C) Germinal period

C) Germinal period.

REMEMBER, Germinal means earliest!

How long does the germinal period last after conception?

A) two months

B) a week

C) two weeks

D) none of the above

C) Two weeks.

HINT: think of Taylor’s swift upcoming song Fortnight. Fortnight means two weeks.

True or false: in one week after conception, the zygote has around 100-150 cells

True

Name three things that happen in the Germinal Period

1. The Zygote is further created

2. Continued cell division

3. The Zygote gets attached to the uterine wall

When does the zygote get attached to the uterine wall? (Hint: days)

A) 5 days

B) 7 days

C) 14 days

D) 10 days

D) 10 Days

Which period occurs 2-8 weeks after conception?

Embryo period

What things happen in the embryonic period?

A) Cell differentiation strengths

B) Organs appear as the support system

C) Name changes from zygote to embryo

D) None of the above

E) A, B

F) A, B, and C

F) A, B, and C

When does the fetal period begin

A) 2-4 months after conceptions

B) 3-4 months after conception

C) 1 month after conception

D) 2 months after conception

D) 2 months after conception

True or false: The fetal period last nine months after conception.

False, it last for an average of 7 months

What are the significant time periods in the fetal position?

The third month - end of the first trimester (where most disasters can happen)

The end of 4th-7th month

8th and 9th month (when baby is set to arrive)

What does the Organogenesis period mean?

a)  forming organs during the first two months of prenatal (before birth) development.

b) the organs start to function by itself

c) the organs are not developing

a) forming organs during the first two months of prenatal (before birth) development.

e.g., stomach, intestines, lungs, heart, brain, spinal cord, genitals).

What is the longest stage of birth? Approximaetly how long does it last?

• The first stage

• 12-24 hours

What is happening in this stage?

• The baby is travelling from the uterus to the vagina via the cervix

• As a result, the cervix needs to widen to allow the baby to go through. These are called contractions.

How long do these contractions last? What happens when the stage progresses

• They occur every 15-20 mins, and last for one minute

• As this stage progresses, they contractions get closer and more intense

At the end of the stage, the cervix dilates to _______ inches.

A) 3 inches

B) 7 inches

C) 4 inches

D) 2 inches

C) 4 inches

When does the second stage of birth begin?

• when baby’s head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal.

When does the second stage of birth end?

• when the baby completely emerges from the mother’s body.

How long does this stage last?

A) 1 hour

B) 1 hour - 30 minutes

C) 30 minutes

B) 1 hour - 30 minutes

True or false: Contractions come about every minute and last about a minute.

True, as the stage progress, the baby is coming down the canal more rapidly meaning the cervix has to open and stretch more frequently.

• Involves the mother bearing down to push the baby out.

True or false: the third stage is called “After delivery”

False, it’s called Afterbirth.

How long does this stage last?

A) Lasts only minutes. 

B) Last only seconds

C) Last only hours

D) all of the above

A) Lasts only minutes. 

Which period of development is the probability of a structural defect the greatest?

In the first 3 months of pregnancy, when the organs of the baby are forming.

What is Thalidomide

• A sedative for pregnant women, for morning sickness

True or false: It was created in July 1960, but a German company called Grunesatal

False, it was created by a company called Grünenthal

Who is praised as the hero for stopping this drug from continuing ?

• Frances Oldham Kelsey. In her first month for the FDA, she refused to authorize the drug

• Why: of the lack of evidence of the drugs safety

True or false: a medical specialist and expert wrote of the drug in a medical article and praised it.

False. It was actually written by the medical director of the company.

When was this drug created?

August 1960

What did this company due to the documents regarding the drug?

A) Falsification of the medical records

B) Omit information

C) asked experts to analyze the information

A) ) Falsification of the medical records

This drug was soon banned in 1962, but the effects were too late. What were the effects on children

• smaller hands 

• smaller mouth 

• mental cognitive abnormalities.

This drug is still used in ________ to treat ________.

1. Brazil

2. Leprosy

True or false: Although the drug was banned four decades ago, the children in Brazil are still being born with abnormalities because of thalidomide

True

• Women younger than ______ and older than _____ are more likely to have down syndrome babies

1. 18

2. 38

How is Down Syndrome Caused?

• Caused by the presence of an extra chromosome

What are the characteristics of down syndrome?

A) Round face, flattened skull, Extra fold of skin over the eyelids

B) long tongue

C) Long limbs

A) Round face, flattened skull, Extra fold of skin over the eyelids.

ADDITIONALLY; they have short limbs, and a protruding (sticking out) tongue

What is the breech position?

A) when the baby is positioned feet or bottom first in the uterus.

B) when the baby is positioned head or top first in the uterus.

C) when the baby is positioned sideways in the uterus.

A) when the baby is positioned feet or bottom first in the uterus.

INSTEAD, they should be positioned HEAD down and FACE down (turned slightly to the side)

What does SIDS mean?

Sudden infant death syndrome

What is SIDS?

• a condition that happens when infants stop breathing

• usually during the night

• and suddenly die without apparent cause.

True or false: smoker parents give their children a higher chance of getting SIDS

True

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA is what…

a) a complex molecule

b) shaped like a double circle

c) contains genetic information

d) shaped like a double helix

e) A, C, D

The answer is e) A, C, D

True or False: chromosomes come in 25 pairs

False, chromosomes come in 23 pairs.

Chromosomes are a ____________ type of structures

Threadlike type of structures

Where does each pair of the genetic information come from?

A) nowhere

B) unknown

c) cannot be known until after birth

d) from your parents

D) from your parents

_______________ are units of hereditary information

Genes

True or false, genes are composed of DNA

True

Genes act as a blueprints for cells to __________________ themselves and _______________ the proteins that maintain _________.

• Reproduce

• Manufacture

• Life

The earliest period that gender can be predicted is the…

a) fetal period

b) embryonic

c) Germanic

a) fetal period

The genetic building blocks are… (hint: 3)

• DNA

• Genes

• Chromosomes

True or false: A Genotype is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics (eye color, height)

False, that is a phenotype. A Genotype consists of the actual genetic material, and their genetic information

Mitosis: is the process which each _____________ in the cell's nucleus ____________ itself.

• Chromosome

• Duplicates

What do the cells do in meiosis?

• They divide into gametes (reproductive cells)

• These cells are testes/sperm in males, ovaries/ eggs in females

These cells have _________ of the ________________ of the parent cell

• Half

• Genetic material

According to the Polygenic inheritance, ______ can ___________ to produce a particular characteristic

• Genes

• Interact

True or false: there are more than 50, 000 genes

True

The Apgar Scale and The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale are measures of what….

Neonatal (newborn) Health and Responsiveness

The Apgar Scale is method widely used to assess the ____________ of newborns.

• Health

At what minuets do they check?

• 1 minutes

• 5 minutes

The Apgar scale measures these 5 things:

• Heart rate

• Muscle tone

• Body color

What two are missing?

• Reflex irritability

• Respiratory effort

The Obstetrician or nurse assesses the newborn and gives a scale, (0,1,2 on each item). What is the score you want for you baby?

7-10

Between these two, which one is the worst scale ranking for your baby?

A) 5

B) 3

B) 3, as it signifies an emergency. 5 means you have to watch for developmental difficulties

Amniotic fluid _________ and _________ the fetus inside the ammonic sac during pregnancy

• surrounds

• protects

What is the amniotic fluid produced by?

The mothers placenta

Name the four things ammonic fluid does

• Cushioning the fetus

• regulating temperature

• preventing infections

• allow the fetus to move and develop properly

What is contained in the ammonitic fluid?

a) the baby's urine

b) nutrients

c) hormones

d) antibodies

e) none of the above

f) all of the above

f) all of the above

• A sperm fertilizes eggs (removed from a woman’s ovary) in a test tube or outside the body

• These embryos are grown for several days in a laboratory, then are put into the uterus to implant

  What is this process called?
  

InVitro (in glass, medical procedures) Fertilization

When does the postpartum period happen?

After Childbirth or delivery

What does the women’s body do during postpartum, and how long does it last?

•  It adjusts physically, psychologically to the process of childbearing

• Last around 6 weeks

The adjustment and adaptation include these 5 things, which two are missing from the following lists:

• Caring for baby

•  Father learning to care for bab

• Father caring for mother

•  Recovering from childbirth

• Learning to gell good as a mother

Name the four Emotional and Psychological Adjustments

• Hormonal change

•  Fatigue

•  Inexperience/lack of confidence with the baby

• The extensive time and demands of caregiving

What is more severe between these two?

• Baby Blues 

• Postpartum depression 

• Postpartum depression 

What’s the difference between postpartum depression and psychosis

Postpartum depression

• common condition

• feelings of sadness, anxiety, and mood swings.

Postpartum psychosis

• a rare

• severe condition

• have hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

Why is baby blues the least severe?

• Non-severe hormonal changes

• Feelings of anxiety, crying and restlessness

• Temporary form of depression

• Usually goes away within the first two weeks after birth.

• True or false: Cephalocaudal pattern is when the growth starts at the center of the body and moves outwards

FALSE: that’s the Proximodistal pattern. The Cephalocaudal pattern growth starts from the top (head), gradually to the bottom.

Fine motor skills includes what…

a) small movements in the hands

b) big movements in hands

c) big movements in the hands

a) small movements in the hands (fingers and wrists too)

walking, jumping, running are example of fine or gross motor skills?

Gross motor skills

True or False: gross motor skills involve moving the whole body

True

Drawing, writing and buttoning are examples ____________________

fine motor skills

How do you know if a gene is dominant?

• the dominant gene express its self more strongly, overriding the potential influence of the other, recessive gene.

• For instance, one parent has blue eyes the other has green eyes. Their child comes out with blue eyes (the blue eye) is dominant, the green is recessive

auditory, speech and grammar is controlled by what brain hemisphere?

The left side

True or false: the right side of the brain is the logical and rational side, (speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing).

• False, those examples are for the left side.

• The right side is the creative hemisphere, (controls spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills)

With newborns, they show greater electricity in the _______________ hemisphere. Why?

• Left

• They are listening to their parents talk (speech) and that activates the left hemisphere

________________ the term chosen to describe the narrow path, or developmental course, that certain characteristics take.

Canalization

______________________________ help protect or buffer a person from environmental extremes.

Preservative forces

How many neurons do newborns baby have?

a) 100 million

b) 1 billion

c) 100 billon

d) 10 million

c) 100 billon

Tiny gaps between neurons where connections between axons and dendrites take places is what…?

Synapses

Starting shortly after birth, a baby’s brain produces __________________ more connections b/w neurons than it can possibly use 

trillions

What is an axon?

An axon is a thin fiber that connects neurons (nerve cells) to that they can communicate

Describe myelination

Encasing axons with fat cells.

Myelination…

a) insulates the nerve cells

b) helps nerve impulses travel faster

c) both

d) none of the above

c) both

Myelination for ___________________ occurs rapidly after birth and is ompleted in the first 6 months 

• visual pathways

• the first 6 months 

This branch of psychology emphasizes the importance
of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest”
in explaining behaviour

Evolutionary Psychology

What does Evolutionary Psychology focus on

it focuses on the conditions that allow individuals to survive or to fail

True or False: It believes natural selection favours behaviours that increase organisms’ reproductive success and their ability to pass their genes on the next generation.

True

Amniocentesis is a procedure performed when?

• Prenatally

• After birth

• During birth
  

• Prenatally, specifically between the 12th and 16 week (during the fetal period)

What is Amniocentesis?

a sample of amniotic fluid is taken by syringe and tested

The purpose of Amniocentesis is to discover if the baby is suffering from what…

• any chromosomal

• or metabolic disorder

Infertility is the inability to conceive a child after ________ months of regular intercourse

a) 8 months

b) 6 months

c) 10 months

d) 12 months

d) 12 months