CNS Development

Vocabulary flashcards covering embryologic development of the central nervous system, key brain regions, and related clinical terms.

Surface ectoderm

The outer embryonic layer that gives rise to the neural plate and later becomes the skin above the neural tube.

Neural plate

A flat region of surface ectoderm that will fold to form the central nervous system.

Neural groove

The indentation formed when the neural plate begins to fold inward along the embryo’s back.

Neural folds

Elevated edges of the neural plate that later fuse to form the neural tube.

Neural tube

The closed structure created when neural folds fuse; it develops into the brain and spinal cord.

Zipping up

The process by which the neural tube closes progressively from head to tail.

Spina bifida

A birth defect caused by incomplete closure of the neural tube, leaving the spinal cord outside the vertebral column.

In utero repair surgery

Prenatal surgical procedure used to correct spina bifida before birth.

Rostral (anterior)

Directional term meaning toward the head or front end of the developing nervous system.

Caudal (posterior)

Directional term meaning toward the tail or rear end of the developing nervous system.

Forebrain

Embryonic brain region that gives rise to the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

Midbrain

Central brain region located between the hindbrain and forebrain; involved in vision, hearing, and motor control.

Hindbrain

Posterior brain region that develops into the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions such as reasoning and voluntary movement.

Thalamus

Major relay station in the forebrain that directs sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

Hypothalamus

Forebrain structure regulating autonomic functions, hormones, and homeostasis.

Cerebellum

Hindbrain structure coordinating balance, posture, and fine motor control.

Pons

Portion of the hindbrain that relays signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum and assists in regulating breathing.

Medulla oblongata

Lowest part of the brainstem controlling vital autonomic functions such as heart rate and respiration.

Spinal cord

Elongated part of the central nervous system extending from the medulla, transmitting neural signals between the brain and body.