History Test: Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and French Revolution

Absolute rule

Complete control over people and government.

What did absolute rulers do to justify their power?

god gave them the privilege to rule and authority should not be questioned

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs; focused on inquiry based on evidence

Where did the Scientific Revolution begin?

Europe

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

development of universities, recent discovery of information (arab world, columbian exchange) and the reformation (printing press, individualism)

Before the Scientific Revolution, who did people look to for answers about the natural world?

the gods/ their faith

What institute criticized the scientific revolution

the church

Copernicus

Heliocentric Theory: Sun is center of universe; studies the movement of planets

Tycho Brahe

accurate prediction of planetary movement

Kepler

Astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct; said orbits of planets are elliptical not circular

Galileo

improvements to the telescope, challenged belief that heaven was perfect, contributions in physics, conflicted with church

Isaac Newton

father of modern physics; law of physics

What was old medicine like?

doctors guessed illnesses and worked off of experimentation

Galen

first doctor who worked on animals and performed surgeries

Andreas Vesalius

surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy; dissected human body

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood; compared the heart to the king of England

Edward Jenner

Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796

Rene Descartes

Rationalism (reason is chief of knowledge) and skepticism (nothing is known for certain)

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method; divided fields of science

What is another name for the Enlightenment?

Age of Reason

Enlightenment ideas

reason (logical thinking), nature (natural law and order), progress, liberty (easing up absolute monarchy), and happiness

What country was the heart of enlightenment

France

What did the Enlightenment inspire?

American and French Revolutions

How did the Enlightenment inspire the French Revolution?

questioning of authority and religion, advancing people's outlook on commodities, and forcing citizens to compare their need with the Republic's needs

Who were the physiocrats?

French thinkers who focused on economics

Thomas Hobbes

believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority; supported absolute government

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" where government serves the people and people have right to overthrow government; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property; optimism (everyone has potential), reason over faith; declaration of independence

Adam Smith

government should be limited, against mercantilism, focused on building economy

Mary Wollstonecraft

first feminist; fought for women's rights in education and occupation

Voltaire

freedom of speech and press; targeted french gov and church; exiled to England

Baron de Montesquieu

believed government should have separation of powers; the best government was in England

Denis Diderot

Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good and people have the right to overthrow government

Immanuel Kant

reason is very important but can't prove religion; physical world needs reason and spiritual world needs faith

Ceasare Beccaria

reforms in penal (prison) system

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence and improved education

Benjamin Franklin

improved education and believed in reason

Deists belief

believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine

Madame Pompadour

The mistress of King Louis XV of France who was influential not only in politics, but especially in the fine and decorative arts

Enlightenment society

Intellectual meetings at rich peoples houses, gathering at coffeehouses,

Enlightenment despots

Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change incorporating enlightenment ideas

King Frederick Il

enlightenment despot who banned torture and formed schools

Joseph ll of Austria

enlightenment despot that abolished serfdom, equalized tax system, freedom of press

Catherine the Great

enlightenment despot who successfully ruled people of different ethnic groups; worked to end serfdom

Enlightenment art

inspired by catholic church's reaction to reformation; elegant without complexity of baroque; skepticism because nothing was know for sure; types: essay and novel

Effect of the Enlightenment

weakened the authority of the Church, promoted greater freedom and equality, and made reason supreme

What caused the American Revolution?

influenced based on enlightenment, colonies didn't want to pay taxes, british imposed high taxes after 7 year war,

How does the american revolution take charge?

Declaration of independence and French's aid in revolution

French Revolution causes

enlightenment, absolute monarchy, american revolution, uneven social classes, economic problems

French Political System

absolute monarchy, minister selected by favoritism, imprisoned enemies without trial, people had no say in government

French social classes

estates:
1st - The Roman Catholic Church clergy
2nd - rich nobles and people of great wealth
3rd - tradespeople, merchants, skilled artisans, laborers, and servants

Who owned half french land and payed no taxes?

The first and second estate (made up 3% of population)

Influence of English civil war and american revolution

French enlightenment philosophers praised english and French fought for america

King Louis XVI

King of France, weak leader who was very indecisive, married to Marie Antoinette of Austria, executed during the French Revolution

Immediate causes of French Revolution

Louis XVI bankrupt france (7yr war, no taxes to upper class

What caused Louis XVI to call the estates general?

france had gone bankrupt

French revolution phase 1: Moderate Phase

3rd estate demands for national assembly but king rejects idea so 3rd estate declares itself the National Assembly

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution for France

Storming of the Bastille

Destruction of the prison seen as the true start of the French Revolution; Paris mob stormed the Bastille; symbol for ancien regime

Ancient Regime

The old order before the Revolution in France

What is the anniversary for french independence?

the Storming of the Bastille

Women's March on Versailles

This was the march by the women of Paris to Versailles and demand action of the King for the ridiculous raise in the price of bread

National Assembly of France

first french government to be formed during revolution; abolished privilege of 1st/2nd estate, wrote declaration of rights of man, reformed the church (land taken away and oreist elected rather than appointed)

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights promoting liberty, equality, and freedom of speech adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Constitution of 1791

Constitution created by the French Revolution that had a limited monarchy and made a Legislative assembly

Legislative Assembly

second french government to be formed during revolution; A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791. Replaced the national assembly

French Revolution phase 2: Radical Phase

limited monarchy favored by bourgeoisie and peasants

Girondists

A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793; wanted republic like the US

Jacobins

member of a radical political club during the French Revolution who opposed the king and wanted republic run by poor

Favoring of Ancient regime

Louis XVI, Devoted Catholics, French nobles, Foreign monarchs

What happened to King Louis XVI?

moderates wanted him exiled and radicals wanted him executed; he was put on trial for treason in National Convention and then beheaded

What happened after King Louis XVI was killed?

New french cultural practices (liberty, equality, fraternity), no more social classes, metric system, and new calendar system

The French Republic

third french government formed during revolution; King was executed and france was in war against Europe so national convention called for "committee of public safety" to direct war efforts

Levee en Masse

A national draft in France in 1794, created under the Jacobins

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He arrested everyone suspected of treason and sentences thousands to death

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Republic of Virtue

Robespierre's attempt to erase all traces of the monarchy, nobility and the Catholic Church; set up schools, fought inflation, abolished slavery, religious tolerance

End of the Reign of Terror

When Robespierre was executed

The French Directory

fourth french government formed during revolution; new constitution with two elected branches of government; executive branch had a council of five and two house legislative; voting rights for male property owners

Problem with French directory

directors were corrupt, economic problems, rise of royalist sentiment

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Napoleon rise to power

Military experience and natural leader, frances desire for order in government

Napoleon's first public appearance

drove British troops out during riot at National Convention

Italian Compaign

Napoleon commanded french army in Italy to defeat Austrians

Egyptian Campaign

Napoleon attack Egypt to cut off British trade with India; fails but keeps defeat secrete

Coup d'etat of 1799

Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the French Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate; established 3 consults and calls himself 1st

Napoleon Rules France

Plebiscite-vote of the people, strengthened economy (efficient tax system), honest government, restore position of church (gave little power so they approved him)

Napoleon and the church

Napoleon recognized influence of the church but rejected control in national affairs

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon that limited personal liberties and restored slavery

Proclamation of Empire

Napoleon changed the French government from a republic into an "Empire" and he named himself emperor (crowned himself)

Napoleon Goals

control all of europe and reassert french powers in america

Saint Domingue

Haiti, site of only successful slave rebellion, revolted at same time as French revolution, Napoleon failed to take control

Louisiana Territory

sold to US and gave Napoleon lots of money to build largest European empire since Romans

Battle of Trafalgar

British naval defeat of Napoleon's force which resulted in deconstruction of french fleet

Significance of Battle of Trafalgar

France cannot invade GB; Britain has the strongest navy for 100 years

Napoleon's Downfall

ambition caused empire to grow too big, britain controlled seas, rise of nationalism, exhaustion of france

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Purpose of the Continental System

to weaken Britain's economy so they would become weak so they couldn't wage a war

What caused Napoleon to invade Russia?

They broke the Continental system and traded with Britain

Peninsular War

A conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish Rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleons French troops out of Spain.