PERIOD 1 + PERIOD 2 - APUSH

Who were the first natives in America?

The Clovis People

How did Clovis people get to America?

by crossing the Bering Land Bridge from Asia during the last Ice Age around 13,000 years ago

Anasazi

Pueblo culture in present-day Arizona (100 BC)

-Formed Chaco Canyon

-warrior tribe who disappeared once the Europeans arrived

Hohokam

Native Americans who lived in the Southwest from about 300 B.C.

-used irrigation to bring water to the crops

Pueblo

southwest, maize, squash, beans, irrigation

Sioxi, Crow, Blackfoot- Plains tribes

nomadic tribe due to scarce resources

-hunted bison and buffalo- for food and tools

Moundbuilders / Cahokia

center of the civilizations of the mound builders

(2000 BCE-1250 CE)

-non-nomadic=stable food source

Eastern Woodland Tribes-Algonquin, Pequot, Shawnee

used wood for canoes, longhouses, and tools for fishing

Cherokee and Seminole

Southeast tribes who successfully grew corn and adapted to the heat of their environment.

Iroquois Confederacy

Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas

northeast, hunter gatherers, alliances, agriculture based on seasons

-alliance against European attackers

Aztecs

-Mexico

-maize

-Tenochtitlan=city with strong trade economy

Mayans

1500 B.C. to 900 A.D.

-central america

-strong agriculture

Inca Empire

-Pacific Coast of South America

-state ruled gov w/ army

-trade

motives for exploration to North America

gold, god, glory

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

When did Columbus arrive to North America?

1492

Columbian Exchange 1492

Europe-> America

grains, livestock, DISEASE, pigs horses

America--> Europe

turkeys, peanuts, potatoes, tomatoes, corn, diseases, natives to use for labor

Who benefited more from the Columbian Exchange?

Europe. They were given plentiful goods which grew their population. Due to disease, 90% of native population declined and many of the things they were given were unuseful.

Three Sister Tribes

Cherokee and Iroquois grew beans, squash, and corn

slash and burn agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

encomienda system

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

mission system

system by Spanish to control the Indian population

forcing them to convert to Catholicism and work the land

spanish caste system

Top: Peninsulares (born in spain)

Second: Criollos (born in America to spanish parents)

Third: Mestizos (1 spanish parent, 1 native) and Mulattos (1/2 spanish, 1/2 african)

Bottom: Indios (natives) and Negros (african/slave)

Reasons for encomienda system

power, economy, labor, religion, society, gout

When and why encomienda failed

1720- natives and africans die from disease and consistently rebel

Spanish colonies in Americas

California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida

Chumash

tribe known for their use of acorns

How did Europeans influence native gender roles

shifted equal system of labor between men and women to male dominance/heirarchy

French fur trade

French settlements across Canada trading beaver pelts

-often allied with Montagnais and Huron tribes against Iroquois

Dutch and Iroquois Confederacy

Alliance supplying the Iroquois with guns and trade goods, the Dutch helped them increase their power in the region

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

hacienda

Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these.

Bartolomé de las Casas

Spaniard who fought against the enslavement and colonial abuse of native Americans.

Chesapeake Settlement

Virginia and Maryland- economically motivated

John Rolfe

-Jamestown 1610-1672

-1st person to cultivate tobacco

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

The Jamestown Nightmare 1606-1607

40 people died on a ship from England-VA

settlers wasted time looking for gold and distracted from survival

Tobacco cultivation

Cash crop that saved the Virginia Colony (Brown Gold) and made Virginia (and other southern colonies) wealthy plantations. But made a need for more labor, causing the bringing of more African slaves

Starving Time (1609-1610)

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia.

People died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1614, 1644)

Series of wars between the English and Chesapeake Indians due to English raids of Native towns for food

-Euros kidnapped Pocahontas (Powhatan's daughter)

-war ended when John Rolfe married her

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Plymouth Settlement

founded for religious reasons - people were looking for religious freedom

pilgrims

religious travelers

puritans

english protestants who want a pure protestant anglican church

-believe in visible saints

separatists

a group of puritans who believe the Anglican Church is damned to hell

calvinists

believe in predestination (good works can't save you from going to hell)

The Mayflower

the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620

Mayflower compact 1620

The first agreement for self-government in America.

-set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

MA Bay Colony

Pilgrims arrive with charter from James I, company members vote to transfer here for self-gov.; 1,000 settlers plant settlements.

Great Migration of Puritans to Massachusetts, 1630's and 1640's

Puritans leave England to go to Barbados, MA, St. Kitts, and Virginia

Halfway Covenant (1662)

allowed people to be apart of the Puritan Church through heredity of families to promote tax payments to fund the Church and grow interest

-worked minimally

Puritan beliefs

-visible saints

-male hierarchy

-direct relationship with God

-predestination

-education and literacy to understand the Bible.

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

City Upon a Hill 1630

the idea that Puritan colonists emigrating to the New World were part of a special pact with God to create a holy community: a model society to the world/moral commonwealth

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Anne Hutchinson

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders.

-forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637.

-followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

1618 Headright System (expansion)

announced by the VA company, 50 acres to anyone who paid for themselves or anothers passage to VA. many died in VA, so this attracted a steady stream of settlers. extremely stratified social class with a select landowning few and many indentured below

House of Burgesses, 1619

The first elected lawmaking body in North America, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Indentured Servitude

A contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is voluntary entered into.

New Jersey Colony (1664)

Colony split off from New York Colony with strong agriculture, religious freedom, and political freedom

New York Colony (1664)

belonged to the Dutch--given to the British The Dutch retook the colony in 1673, but the British regained it in 1674.

Pennsylvania Colony

proprietary colony founded in 1683 by William Penn; settled by Quakers; bought lands from Indians and allowed religious freedom

The "Holy Experiment" of Pennsylvania

William Penn, a proprietor, established the colony of Pennsylvania in the late 17th century and envisioned it as a place where those facing religious persecution in Europe (particularly the Quakers) could enjoy spiritual freedom.

Delaware Colony (1638)

The colony's economy was based on agriculture, including the cultivation of tobacco, and trade with Native Americans.

Carolina Colony (1663)

-had a hierarchical government

TOP: proprietors

MIDDLE: poor white servants

BOTTOM: african slaves

-economy base: rice

English Civil War (1642-1649)

War between Anglican King Charles I and Puritan Parliament which led to puritan rule

New England Confederation (1643)

Weak union of the MA and CT colonies led by Puritans

Purpose: defense and organization for future self governance

Pequot War (1636-1638)

Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies.

Metacom's War (King Philip's War) (1675-1676)

bloody conflict between Wampanoag Indians and Puritan settlers in New England

example of Indian resistance to English expansion in North America.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

revolt in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor Berkeley

Poor settlers were angry about economic hardship, Native American attacks, and unfair treatment. The rebellion failed, but it led to more use of African slaves instead of indentured servants.

INDENTURED SERVANTS----> SLAVERY

Glorious Revolution (1688)

Bloodless overthrow of King James II. established William and Mary as the new leaders.

Impact of Glorious Revolution on Colonies

placed the idea of overthrowing the British, or rebellion, in the back of the colonists mind

-decline in power of companies

-Catholics lost rights, Protestants gained rights

-colonial elite dominate colonial life

Dominion of New England (1686)

British gov combined colonies: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Navigation Acts (1651-1673)

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

salutary neglect (1688-1763)

William and Mary trust the colonies to follow navigation acts with no enforcement

-colonies don't follow acts and become independent

-England coming back and reinforcing acts---> American revolution

bills of exchange

Credit slips used by British manufacturers, West Indian planters, and American merchants

-currency

land banks

colonial credit union which established independence and currency created by the colonies

-taken by the British

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

An uprising of Indians in Santa Fe against Spanish colonization. The Pueblo killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition. However, the Spanish were more accommodating of Indian culture afterwards

Transatlantic Slave Trade (triangular trade)

Trade system between Europe, Africa and the Americas

Goods and resources were sent from Europe to Africa; enslaved people were taken to the Americas to work the land and produce resources that were sent back to Europe.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Colonial Social Structure

top: gentlemen and ladies

second: farmers+tradespeople AKA mechanics

third: servants and slaves

bottom: unfree slaves + Indentured servants (poor)

Yamasees War

Yamasee natives=pressured by British colonists arriving taking land and resources

-tribes fight each other for land

-British ally w Cherokee and win

-leads to tension between natives and British

War of Jenkin's Ear- 1739

Small-scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia. It merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession in 1742.

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

War fought between Prussia, Britain, France, and Russia over the throne of Austria.

Prussian army allied with the British navy--->win

British = gain many French colonies

Covenant Chain- 1692

alliance b/w Iroquois Confederacy and NY colony

-establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes

-NY--> economically and politically dominant over colonies

1705 Virginia Slave Code

slaves are property, bought and sold, can be fought over in court and inherited.

A century after Jamestown's founding, proves how slavery evolved gradually. created a strict racial system that perpetuated chattel slavery

Stono Rebellion (1739)

South Carolina slave revolt that prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways.

Sugar Lobby

high profiting plantation owners in Britain representing the sugar industry that attempt to influence government policies to benefit their interests.

colonial women's life

-male=dominance

-midwives, mothers, cook, clean, housework

arranged marriages

The Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

4 principles of the enlightenment

1. lawlike order of the natural world (reason behind all)

2. power of human reason (logic+reason=problem solve)

3. every human has natural rights

4. progressive improvement of society

1st Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)

A series of religious revivals among Protestants in the American colonies. Led to the division of old congregations and the forming of new ones.

-doubled church enrollment.

Old vs New Lights Church

old: pro awakening

new: anti-awakening

Jonathan Edwards

Helped start great awakening and used harshness and fear to motivate religion

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

-very persuasive and motivating

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.