chronic-rennal-fail.pdf

are titrated based on hematocrit after this level is reached.

Maintenance doses

is defined as kidney damage or GFR /= 3 months.

CKD

have an increased incidence of ulcers, pancreatitis, and diverticulosis.

CKD patients

Metolazone (Zaroxolyn®

is the most commonly used thiazide diuretic in CKD.

and phosphate metabolism is altered due to hyperparathyroidism.

Calcium

As ________ progresses, the inability to excrete acid and maintain buffer capacity leads to metabolic acidosis.

renal failure

is now increasingly infrequent as a result of early dialysis.

Uremic pericarditis

typically does not diminish until about 75 % of kidney tissue is damaged.

Renal function

and fluid restriction relieve some symptoms of CKD and may increase patient comfort and prolong life until dialysis or renal transplantation is required or available.

Dietary measures

The ________ depends on the preparation used.

rate of infusion

has a narrow therapeutic index, necessitating frequent measurement of BUN and serum urine calcium and potassium levels.

Vitamin D

type, mixed lymphocyte reactivity, and blood group types are determined to assess histocompatibility.

human leukocyte antigen

A(n) ________ inserted into the peritoneum provides access for the dialysate, which draws fluids, wastes, and electrolytes across the peritoneal membrane by osmosis and diffusion.

plastic catheter

Vitamin D

________ promotes intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption and utilization and, thus, increases the serum calcium concentration.

may cause hematological reactions, such as agranulocytosis, aplasic anemia, and thrombocytopenia.

Metolazone

is the preferred dialysis method for patients with a reduced peritoneal membrane, hypercatabolism, or acute hyperkalemia.

Hemodialysis

is uncommon until end- stage disease.

Hyperkalemia

include loss of the ability to maintain sodium, potassium, and water homeostasis, leading to hyponatremia or hypernatremia, based on relative sodium or water intake.

Metabolic abnormalities

are widely used to delay progression of CKD because they help preserve renal function and typically cause fewer adverse effects than other antihypertensive agents.

ACE inhibitors captopril (Capoten®), enalapril (Vasotec®), lisinopril (Prinivil®, Zestril®), fosinopril (Monopril®) (Capoten®), enalapril (Vasotec®), lisinopril (Prinivil®, Zestril®), fosinopril (Monopri-

is fixed at 1.010. d. Radiographic findings.

Specific gravity

is an epoetin alfa analogue.

Darbepoetin

(A) Acute ________ and bluish or mottled kidney discoloration are intraoperative signs of hyperacute rejection.

urine flow cessation

Angiotensin- converting ________ (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics may be given to manage edema and CHF and to increase urine output.

enzyme

It also accelerates the ________ from the bone marrow.

release of reticulocytes

stimulates the production of red cell progenitors and the production of hemoglobin.

Epoetin alfa

should be initiated in the lowest effective dose and titrated according to the patients needs.

Antihypertensive therapy

is an automatic cycling mode lasting 8 to 10 hrs, performed three times a week.

Intermittent peritoneal dialysis

(2) Vascular access may be obtained via a(n) ________ or an external shunt.

arteriovenous fistula

may be needed if blood pressure becomes dangerously high as a result of edema and the high renin levels that occur in CKD.

Antihypertensive agents

(1) The ________ is used as a semipermeable membrane.

peritoneum

is defined as kidney damage or a mildly decreased GFR (60 to 89 mL /min /1.73 m2)

Stage II

B Peritoneal dialysis

Peritoneal dialysis

is the progressive, irreversible deterioration of renal function.

Chronic kidney disease

is defined as pathological abnormalities or markers of damage, including abnormalities in blood or urine tests or imaging studies.

Kidney damage

may cause a wide range of signs and symptoms, including headache, dizziness, ataxia, convulsions, psychosis, soft tissue calcification, conjunctivitis, photophobia, tinnitus, nausea, diarrhea, pruritus, and muscle and bone pain.

Vitamin D toxicity

is commonly used; however, it is associated with hypotension and anaphylaxis.

Iron dextran

reduces the bodys fluid and sodium volume by decreasing sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, thereby increasing urinary excretion of fluid and sodium.

Metolazone

When ________ progresses to end- stage renal disease and no longer responds to conservative measures, long- term dialysis or renal transplantation is necessary to prolong life.

CKD

is given orally at 5 to 20 mg /day; the dose is titrated to the patients needs.

Metolazone

has recently been reclassified as stages I to V to denote the severity of renal impairment.

CKD

CKD

As ________ progresses, nephron destruction worsens, leading to deterioration in the kidneys filtration, reabsorption, and endocrine functions.

containing unit for diffusion, osmosis, and ultrafiltration

(1) This technique involves shunting of the patients blood through a dialysis membrane