Developmental Psychology - unit 7

nature vs nurture

how our genetic inheritance interact with our experiences to influence our development

continuity and stages

which parts are gradual and continuous, and which parts change abruptly in stages

stability and change

Which of our traits persist throughout life and how do we change as we age

Cross-Sectional Study

Research done on subjects of different ages at the same time

longitudinal study

Research done on subjects of one age group over many years

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

assimilation

we squeeze information into what we already know

accomodation

we change our schemas based on new information

sensorimotor stage

birth - 2 years, experiences world through senses and actions

object permanence

understanding objects exist even when we can’t see them

preoperational stage

2 - 6 years, learns that words & images represent things, but lack logical reasoning

animism

objects have lifelike qualities

egocentrism

unable to take on someone elses point of view

theory of mind

understanding that everyone has their own thoughts and perspective

concrete operational stage

7 - 11 years, can think logically about concrete events; start performing mathematical operations

conservation

quantity of something remains the same even its shape/size/volume changes

reversability

can reverse/undo an action, process, or operation

formal operational stage

12 years - adulthood, abstract reasoning develops; can think morally, ethically, philosophically, & hypothetically

hypothetical reasoning

examining possibilities before solving a problem/drawing conclusions

social developmental theory

in order to develop, we must learn; social interaction and cognitive development

scaffolding

teachers model, provide steps to help students work independently

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

task too difficult to master independently, but can be done with guidance & encouragement from a more knowledgeable other (MKO)

phonemes

smallest unit of sound in a language

morphemes

smallest unit of meaning

grammar

system of rules in a language

semantics

study of the meaning of words, word combinations

pre-linguistic stage

cooing; spontaneously uttering sounds

babbling stage

repetitive syllables; sounds more closely resembling primary language

one word stage

speaking mostly in single words

telegraphic stage

speaking 2 word sentences (nouns + verbs)

overgeneralization

appling grammar rules where they don’t apply

imprinting

During a critical period early in an animal’s life, they form attachments and develop a concept of their identity

temperament

innate behavioral & personality traits, Heavily influenced by genetics, Childhood experiences can also play a role, Less likely to change as you age(when compared with personality), Can influence attachment relationships

separation anxiety

typical phase for infants & toddlers, where they experience anxiety & distress when separated from their caregivers

anxious attachment

caregiving inconsistent; not easily comforted by caregivers

avoidant attachment

lack of emotional support & connection; “lone wolf” & emotionally guarded

disorganized attachment

erratic or incoherent relationship with primary caregiver; fear, trauma

authoritarian parenting

parents impose rules and expect obedience

permissive parenting

submit to children’s desires, make few demands, use little punishment

authoritative parenting

both demanding and responsive, set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion

parallel play

Children play alongside others but does not play with them

pretend play

Symbolic play where children use objects, actions, & ideas to represent other objects, actions, & ideas, Use imaginations to assign roles to inanimate objects/people

trust vs. mistrust

if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust (infancy)

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themsleves, or they doubt their abilities

initiative vs. guilt

preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

competence vs. inferiority

children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

identity vs. role

teenagers work on refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to forn a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

intimacy vs. isolation

young adults struggle to form close relationships and gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

generavity vs. stagnation

the middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they might feel a lack of purpose

integrity vs. despair

when reflecting on his/her life, the older adult may feel a sense of staisfaction or failure

identity diffusion

Have not explored options, Have not committed to an identity

identity foreclosure

Have committed to an identity, Have not explored options

identity moratorium

Exploring in attempting to establish an identity, No commitment yet

identity achievement

Finished exploring, Made a commitment

imaginary audience

the tendency of adolescents to see themselves as the object of others’ attention and evaluation

personal fable

belief in one’s uniqueness and invulnerability

social clock

socially preferred timing of particular life events, such as: Leaving home, Having children, Getting married, Retirement

emerging adulthood

in some cultures, this is a distinct developmental stage between adolescence & adulthood (focus = 18-25)

ecological systems theory

Human development is shaped by nested, interacting environmental systems ranging from immediate settings to broad cultural contexts

microsystem - immediate environment

daily interactions, family, friends, teachers

mesosystem - connections between microsystems

How do the parts of your microsystem interact, Parents & teachers checking in, Friendships at school may overlap with outside-of-school activities

ecosystem - indirect environment

don’t involve you directly, but still affect you; parent’s job (long hours), businesses in your community (financial situations)

macrosystems - cultural and social influences

big picture - values, laws, and culture where you live

chronosystems - changes overtime

how events and changes affect you; social media, covid, etc.

syntax

the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, specifically word order and phrase arrangement