Bio macro molecules and water properties

Natural selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. It is a key mechanism of evolution.

surface tension

The cohesive force at the surface of a liquid that causes it to behave like a stretched elastic membrane, enabling small objects to float or insects to walk on water.

adhesion/cohesion

The attractive forces between molecules of different substances (adhesion) or the same substance (cohesion), which are important for processes like capillary action in plants.

high specific heat/moderation of temperature

The ability of water to absorb and retain heat without significant changes in temperature, which helps moderate environmental temperatures and stabilizes aquatic ecosystems.

capillary action

The process by which water rises in narrow spaces or tubes due to the adhesive forces between water molecules and the walls of the container, combined with cohesive forces among water molecules.

hydrolysis reaction

A chemical reaction that involves the breaking down of a compound by water, resulting in the formation of smaller molecules or ions. Hydrolysis is crucial in biological processes, such as digestion, where it helps to break down complex molecules.

dehydration synthesis reactions

A chemical reaction that involves the formation of larger molecules from smaller ones by the removal of a water molecule, commonly used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

polarity of water

The property of water molecules having a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other, leading to strong hydrogen bonding and unique solvent properties.

Hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties

Hydrophobic properties refer to the tendency of nonpolar substances to repel water, while hydrophilic properties describe the affinity of polar substances to interact with water. These properties are essential in determining the behavior of molecules in biological systems.

Monomer and polymer units of each carbohydrates

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Polymer: polysaccharides glycosidic bond

Monomer and polymer units of each protein

Monomer: amino acids Polymer: Polypeptides/proteins bond peptide bonds

Monomer and polymer units of each nucleic acids

Monomer nucleotides (Suger +phosphate + nitrogenous base) Polymer DNA and RNA Bond Phosphodiester

Monomer and polymer units of each lipid

not true polymers ester bonds

properties of lipids

Hydorphilic heads that are connects to the hydro phobic tails that form a huge long chain high energy source

pH how is it determined

More hydrogen ions more acidic it is

Logarthithmic scale of pH

from 7 goes down and multiples by 10 each time so adding a zero

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure levels of proteins and what types of 

bonding does each level have?

Single chain to a folded backbone to multiple to make a 3d coil structure to multiple 3d structures combined

How DNA and proteins are used to measure evolutionary relationships

you can tell the mutations in the DNA and the proteins

Monosacharides

simplest form of carbohydrates single suger molecules that serve as the monomers for larger carbohydrates. Contain a carboxyl group c=o can be in a chain but also in rings link with glycosidic bonds

Disaccaride

this is when through dehydration synthesis that 2 monosaccharides connect this is called a glycosidic linkage

Polysaccharieds

when 4 or more monomers are connected together

Lipids: Fats

constucted from glycerol and fatty acids

glycerol and fatty acids

glycerol is a hydroxyl group attached to carbonfatty acids consists of carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton they connect through ester linkages

saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids

saturated no double bonds unsaturated has one or more double bonds

Phospholipid

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol fatty acid tails are hydrophobic but attaches to a hydrophillic head

Steriods

are lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Polypeptides

unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

Amino acids

organic molocules with carbboxly and amino groups differing side chain called the r group always a a N C C structure

Polynucleotides

made up of monomers called nucleo tides each consisting of a nitrogen base pentose suger and a phosphate group