AP HuG Unit 6 Quiz 1

Air and Water quality

The scale of unusable water and air in an area of a city. The water quality depends on the source and how it travels to the area in which it is disposed for use by an individual.

Bid-Rent Theory

Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. The closer land is to the CBD, the more competition there will be for the land, since businesses wish to maximize profit

Counterurbanization

the process of people moving away from urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas.

ecological footprint

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources

Farmland protection policies

policies enacted by governments that protect farmland and prevent it from being sold into other use. Uses zoning to identify areas of agricultural land use.

infilling

building on empty parcels of land within a checkerboard pattern of development

infrastructure

the underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity

linear settlement patterns

linear rural settlements comprise buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications

long lot survey

distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

Low density housing

there is a smaller density of dwellings per unit area of property. ex. acre You will find less congestion and more privacy

Medium density housing

this could be a subdivision or urban neighborhood

High Density Housing

The highest density of residents per unit area of land. ex.condos. This is nosiest and most congested

Metes and bounds system

A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system.

Reurbanization

movement of people back into an area that has been previously abandoned. It is usually a government’s initiative to counter the problem of inner city

Satellite City

when an established town near a very large city grows into a city independent of the larger one.

Suburbanization

movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions.

Sustainable design initiatives

sustainable design: communities use smart growth and green building to create neighborhoods that are economically thriving and environmentally responsible.

Township and range system

A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior

Borchert’s Transportation Model

A framework that outlines the historical evolution of transportation systems in the United States, divided into five distinct periods based on technological advancements and their impacts on urban development

CIty

conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics

City-state

A small sovereign state that is made up of a town or city and the surrounding area

Central Place Theory

in any given region there can only be one large central city which is surrounded by a series of smaller cities, towns, and hamlets

Central Business District

the commercial and business center of a city, characterized by a high concentration of retail shops, offices, and cultural institutions.

Clustered rural settlements

An agricultural-based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings

Dispersed rural settlements

Farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements.

Ecumene

the inhabited or permanently settled areas of the Earth, distinguishing them from uninhabited or sparsely populated regions.

Enclosure Movement

a significant process in England during the 18th and early 19th centuries where common land was privatized and consolidated into individually owned plots. This movement transformed agricultural practices, leading to increased efficiency but also resulting in widespread displacement of rural populations, as commoners lost access to land that had previously been available for communal use.

Gravity Model

is a mathematical formula used to predict the interaction between two locations based on their size and distance from each other.

Higher-order services

specialized services that require advanced skills, education, and training, typically found in larger cities. These services often include sectors like finance, legal services, healthcare, and education, which cater to both local and global markets.

Lower-order services

Services that are obtained on a regular basis and require a small area to be profitable

Market Area/ Hinterland

the geographic zone in which a business or service attracts its customers, based on factors like location, accessibility, and the nature of the goods or services provided.

Primate City

is a leading city in a country that is significantly larger and more influential than any other city within that nation.

Range

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to access a good or service. 

Rank-Size Rule

is a principle that describes the relationship between the size of a city and its rank in a hierarchy of cities within a particular area. According to this rule, the population of a city is inversely related to its rank; specifically, the second-largest city will have about half the population of the largest city, the third-largest city will have one-third, and so on.

Site

the specific physical characteristics and location of a place, including its natural features, resources, and built environment

Situation

the location of a place relative to other places and its surrounding environment, including its accessibility and connections to larger networks.

Settlement

permanent human dwellings where people live and interact, ranging from small villages to large cities.

service

economic activities that provide value to consumers and are typically intangible, meaning they cannot be physically touched or owned.

Threshold

minimum population or market size needed to support a particular good or service economically. 

Urban Hearth

to a region where the earliest evidence of urbanization and city development emerged, marking the origins of cities and urban life. 

Urbanization

the process by which an increasing percentage of a population comes to live in urban areas, leading to the growth and expansion of cities

Urban hierarchy

is the organization of settlements in a ranked order based on their size, functions, and services provided. Larger cities tend to offer a greater variety of services and play a more significant role in economic and social networks, compared to smaller towns.