LING403 Quiz 3

curly braces indicate what?

2 possible environments for change to occur

C₀

0 or more consonants “no matter how many consonants intervene”

alpha notation

used as a shortcut to show that a sound (or feature) is becoming the same as one nearby to reduce the amount of rules you would otherwise need to write

nasal assimilation is very common…

cross-linguistically

the correct UR makes a difference in…

simplicity of analysis (precise nature of the rules) that we propose based on it

which sounds as UR

those with a more varied type of environment because we suspect it is easier to apply one rule to account for predictable allophones rather than more rule to account for the unpredictable one

derivations

illustrate the process of starting from the UR, showing how rules apply and arrive at the observed SR

3 part formula for writing rules

name the rule

give the formal rule

write the rule in prose

after you perform a phonological analysis and provide the rules dor all alternations seen, …

provide derviations of some examples

when showing how the rules are affecting the UR in a derivation, do we write the list of rules with brackets

no nothing around them

morphology

the system of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation

words can be consturcted and comprehended by…

application of some general rules

is there interaction between morphology and phonology

yes, there are many interactions between phonological forms and morphological structures (very important to know about basic morphology to understand morphophonemic processes)

morpheme

smallest linguistic unit of meaning or function

morphology creates words by…

combining morphemes in a systematic way

types of morphemes

free and bound

free morphemes

can exist on their own (aka root)

ex: cat

bound morpheme

must be attached to another morpheme (ex: plural -s)

2 types of affixes

derivational and inflectional

derivational affixes

can change core meaning

can change category(noun, verb, adj, adv)

can create a whole new word (electric to electricity)

inflectional affixes

do not change core meaning of word

never changes word category

mark a particular grammatical environment or relationship

7 types of inflectional affixes in english

3rd person singular present: -s

plural: -s

comparative: -er

superlative: -est

past tense: -ed

progressive: -ing

passive marker: -ed/-en

affixed classified by…

where they attach to a root

types of affixed

prefixes: attach at beginning

infixes: attach in middle of root

circumfixes: attach to beginning and end of root

suffixes: attach to end of root

basic idea of morphological processes

we store morphemes in the brain

morphemes are combined or changed via morphological processes

output of morphological processes is words

types of morphological processes

affixation

compounding

reduplication

alternations

suppletion

compounding

combining 2 words to form a new word (not always written without space intervening)

reduplication

process of forming a word by repeating either an entire word or part of word

full/total

partial

alternations

morpheme internal modifications that make new words or morphological distinctions

English has limited alternations that are somewhat idiosyncratic (sink vs sank vs sunk)

suppletion

a morphological process between forms of a word wherein 1 form cannot be phonologically or morphologically derived from the other (eg: go vs went, is vs was)

if a single phonetic form has 2 distinct meanings or functions it must be analyzed as representing …. morphemes

2 distinct

if the same fucntion and meaning are associated with different phonetic forms, these different forms all represent…

the same morpheme (allomorphs of the same morpheme) (im- prefix)

choice of allomorph is based on

the one with the predictable environment

english inflection

tense on verbs (past tense, simple present affixes)

aspect on verbs ( simple present vs present progressive)\

number on nouns (singular vs plural)

person and number agreement in verbs

case in pronouns (I vs me)

other categories of inflection

gender

evidential status (events known directly vs hearsay)

degree of respect (formal vs informal)

additional degrees of number ( 2 or 3 # in addition to singular/plural)

remote vs recent past

inclsuve vs exclusive (1st person plural)

case in nouns (nominative, genitive, dative, etc)

morphological rules

rules for derivation

rules for inflection

rules for derivation

-able affixation: can attach to verbs and form adjectives ( verb + əbəl) → adj (“to be verbed)

un-affixation: ʌn + adj → adj (“not adj”)

rules for inflection

assume that the words carry morphological features like [+plural], [-past], etc

then, rules refer to these features for determining what material to add

plural formation in english: X→ X_^z when [noun, +plural]

when you have both derivational and inflectional affixes in a word…

derivational affixed added before inflectional affixes

phonological alternations

allophonic alternation

neutralization

allophonic alternation

alternations involving allophones of the same phoneme

neutralization

alternation involving (allophones of) separate phonemes

alternations involving allophones of the same phoneme

a particular morpheme varies because its phonemes show up with different allophones

eg: alternation of /t/ in english

tapping

tuke: /t/ is realized as a tap when it occurs between 2 syllabic sounds, where the second is unstressed

/t/ → [ɾ]/ [-consonantal]__[+syllabic, -stress]

preglottalization

rule: /t/ is preglottalized when it occurs at the end of a word

[-continuant, -voice] → [constricted glottis]/ ___#

aspiration

voiceless stops are aspirated when they precede a stressed vowel and are not preceded by /s/

[-continuant, -voice] → spread glottis/ x___[+syllabic, +stress] condition: X cannot equal s

phonological forms of words … to new environment, created as a result of morphological rule application

accomadates

when a morpheme alternates, its different forms are taken as…

allomorphs

in a complete derivation

lexicon

to

morphological component (output of morphology, input for phonology)

to

phonological component

when a phoneme turns into a sound that exists independently as (an allomorph of) another phoneme of the language…

neutralization

what is the identical phonetic realization of distinct phonetic forms

neutralization

are phonemes that are contrastive in certain environments contrastive in all environments

may not be (neutralization)

when a phoneme turns into a sound that exists independently as an allophone of a separate phoneme of the language

neutralization (EX: voicing agreement in word-final obstruents)

dynamic neutraliation

morphemes alternate to respect the pattern of contextually limited contrast

voicing assimilation: [-sonorant] → [alpha voice]/[-sonorant, alpha voice ___ # (obstruents at the ends of the word takes on the same voicing as the preceding obstruent) ** voicing is neutralized and voicing disagreement is repaired by changing the voicing of the rightmost obstruent

static neutralization

only look a one-way, no cases of repair

alveolar place enforcement: [-sonorant, -continuant] → [coronal, +anterior]/ [-sonorant, -continuant]___# (word-final stops following a stop must be alveolar → no final stop clusters may end in anything but [t] or [d])

tapping revised

[+anterior, -continuant]→ [ɾ]/ [-consonantal]__[+syllabic, -stress]

an alveolar stop is realized as a tap when it is preceded by a vowel or r and followed by an unstressed vowel

how to determine which rules is first

try both possibilities and see which order results in the right phonetic output (ie the SR)

if both orders of rules gives the same result does order matter

no

hasse diagram

shows relation of order of rules

feeding

rule 1 feeds rule 2 if the result of rule 1 creates a novel environment where rule 2 can apply but where rule 2 wouldn’t have the environment to apply otherwise

english plural: epenthesis

nothing → [ɪ]/ [+strident] ___ [+strident]#

an ɪ is inserted between 2 strident sonunds at the ebd of a word

english plural: assimilation

/z/ → [-voice]/ [-voice]___# or /z/ → [s]/ [-voice]___#

/z/ becomes voiceless when preceded by a voiceless segment at the end of a word

english plurals: applying epenthesis first before assimilation

destroys the environment needed for assimilation

epenthesis bleeds assimilation

bleeding

rule 1 bleeds rule 2 if the result of rule 1 eliminates the environment where rule 2 can apply

rule 1 prevents rule 2 from applying where it normally would have

the patterns describable with feeding and bleeding interactions are called

transparent

a rule interaction is transparent if…

its effects are obvious from the phonetic form

rule interactions where the effects of the rules are not obvious from the surface form

opaque

if rule A precedes B and B succeeds in applying…

A feeds B: creates location where B can apply

if rule A follows rule B and rule B succeeds in applying…

A counterbleeds B: ordered too late to remove a location where B can apply

if rule A precedes rule B and rule B does not succeed in applying…

A bleeds B: removes a location where B could have applied

if rule A follows rule B and B does not succeed in applying…

A counterfeeds B: ordered too late to provide a location where B can apply

purpose of morphophonemic analysis

to discover a set of underlying forms and ordered rules that are consistent with the data

procedure of morphophonemic analysis

examine data, consult the gloss, make provisional division of the forms into morphemes

find each morpheme that alternates locate all its allomorphs

within each allomorph, locate their particular segments that alternate

consider logical possibilities, set up the UR so that all of the allomorphs of each morpheme can be derived from a single UR by general phonological rules

what does choosing the UR often invilve

considering more than 1 hypothesis with the final choice defended by leading to the observable SR via phonological rules

if there are no alternations (only 1 SR) with a particular morpheme…

we can typically assume it is the same in the UR

if there are alternations (i.e. more than 1 allomorphs)…

need to decide which version makes more sense as the UR

conspiracy

2 rules apply for taking care of the same restriction

rule 1 … rule 2 if rule 2 is applicable to some form that has undergone rule 1 but would not be applicable to the same form if it had not undergone 1 (tule 1 creates suitable input for rule 2)

feeds

rule A feeds rule B when

a is ordered before B and A creates novel configurations to which B may apply

rule 1 … rule 2 if rule 2 is not applicable to some form that has undergone rule 1 but would have been applicable to the same form if it had not undergone rule 1 (rule 1 destroys suitable input for rule 2)

bleeds

rule A bleeds rule B when

a is ordered before b, and A removes configurations to which B could have otherwise applied

counterfeeding

rule 2 counterfeeds rule 1 if rule 1 comes before rule 2 and rule 1 does not apply but would have applied if rule 2 came first

fails to feed or arrives to late to feed

rule A counterfeeds rule B when

a is ordered after B and A creates novel configurations to which B could have applied, if A had been applied before B

counterbleeding

if a rule applies first, it would have bled the second rule

A is ordered after B and A would have removed configurations to which B applies had A applied first