SC150 Exam 2

What are thalidomide babies and why did they happen?

Babies born missing a limb. The drug was used to treat anxiety and nausea so lots of pregnant women used it and didn’t think it would affect the fetus but they were wrong. The drug was teratogenic (something that can disturb development of fetus) in pregnant women taking the drug prior to the third trimester

What is an enantiomer?

Mirror images of each other with regards to molecules

What was the silver lining with Thalidomide?

It has anti-cancer properties

What is angiogenesis?

The growth of new blood vessels

What was the original intention for Thalidomide?

Allow people who had leprosy get a good night’s sleep

What class of antibiotics does Cipro belong to?

Quinolone antibodies

What is Cipro not very useful against?

Pneumonia

What does Cipro work well for?

Bone & joint infections, skin infections, & UTIs

Who developed Cipro?

Bayer

Why should you avoid antacids with Cipro?

Both elements can form a salt making it insoluble and the salt will be execrated never allowing the drug to be adsorbed through the small intestine

What is the mechanism of action?

Cell division of bacteria stops, hence the bacteria dies off

Clindamycin uses?

Pneumonia, skin infections, UTIs, and acne

What is MRSA?  Why is it a public health danger?

A strain of staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to penicillin-based drugs. It has occurred due to evolutionary pathways for the bacteria

How does Clindamycin work?

Inhibits protein synthesis, which causes bacteria to die off

Tetracycline uses?  Where was it found? 

Used to treat acne in teens and infections caused by bacteria. It was found in soil dwelling fungus

Birth defects from tetracyclines?

Children born from this often develop black or brown teeth

Why is Zithromax so popular?

It allows for the patient to take less of a drug (only 5 days of dosing) but still maintain effectiveness for 14-day coverage

How does Zithromax work?

Works for sinus infections, pneumonia, & ear infections

Why are sinus infections difficult to treat?

Because of the location

What is Bactrim?  Why is it making a comeback?

Bactrim is the commercial name for a combo drug made up of two components: Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole.

What is Augmentin?  Why does it work better than its single components?

It is a very popular broad-spectrum antibiotic for a variety of bacterial infections. It is made up of a combo therapy which makes it a much more effective overall antibiotic

Understand what went wrong with Tequin

The drug is known to cause massive issues but the consumer can still take it at their own risk. The antibiotic seemed to rapidly change normal patients to diabetics so it was pulled from the market

Can Tequin still be used medically?

Yes, the antibiotic is made in the form of eyedrops

Why is Vancomycin considered the “silver bullet?”

Used when no other course of antibiotics are found to be effective

Explain the process of how the discovery of penicillin took place for Dr. Fleming

Discovered by accident when he sorted through the petri dishes for staph and noticed that all the colonies were growing normally except one. The zone around the mold was clear and found that the mold juice could kill off bacteria

1.     What were major challenges of penicillin?

How to isolate this “stuff”. They tried to isolate pure penicillin from the “mold juice” but the material was unstable.

How do penicillin derivatives work to kill bacteria?

Inhibits bacterial cell wall growth

Half-life of penicillin VK?

a.     30-60 minutes

Uses or indications of penicillin?

Oral or IV used to treat staph and ear infections

Why is there a penicillin G and VK?

Oral- penicillin VK

IV- penicillin G